introduction to bilogical macromolecules

Question 1

what do variations in carbon skeletons allow for?

Answer 1

molecular diversity

Question 2

carbon can form large molecules known as

Answer 2

macromolecules

Question 3

polymers

Answer 3

chain like macromolecules of similar or identical repeating units that are covalently bonded together

Question 4

monomers

Answer 4

the repeating units that make up polymers

Question 5

dehydration reaction

Answer 5

bonds two monomers with the loss of H2O

the OH of one monomer bonds with the H of another monomer forming H2O, which is released

A+B—>AB+H2O

Question 6

hydrolysis

Answer 6

breaks the bonds in a polymer by adding H2O

one H of the H2o bonds to one monomer and the remaining OH of the H2O attaches to the other monomer

AB+H2O—>A+B

Question 7

carbohydrates include blank and blank of sugars

Answer 7

sugars

polymers

Question 8

what groups do carbohydrates contain?

Answer 8

a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups

comprised of C, H, and O

Question 9

monosaccharides

Answer 9

simple sugars

molecular formulas with multiples of the unit CH2O

most common is glucose

can serve as building blocks for amino acids, or as monomers for di and polysaccharides

Question 10

disaccharides

Answer 10

two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds

most common is sucrose

Question 11

polysaccharides

Answer 11

polymer with many sugars joined via dehydration reactions

Question 12

storage polysaccharides

Answer 12

plants store starch (polymer of glucose monomers); allows plants to store excess glucose

animals store glycogen (polymer of glucose); stored in liver and muscle cells

Question 13

structural polysaccharides

Answer 13

cellulose: tough substance that forms plant cell walls
chitin: forms exoskeleton of arthtropods

Question 14

formation of a protein

Answer 14

amino acid—>peptide—>polypeptide—>protein

Question 15

protein

Answer 15

molecule consisting of polypeptides (polymers of amino acids) folded in a 3D shape

comprised of C, H, O, N, and S

shape determines function

Question 16

amino acids

Answer 16

molecules that have an amino group and a carbonyl group

Question 17

general structure of protein

Answer 17

amino group, carbonyl group, and variable side chain (R)

Question 18

unique aspects of the AA are based on what?

Answer 18

the side chain’s physical and chemical properties

Question 19

side chains can be grouped as

Answer 19

nonpolar (hydrophobic)

polar (hydrophilic)

charged/ionic (hydrophilic)

Question 20

side chains interact, which determine the blank and blank of the protein

Answer 20

shape

function

Question 21

to form a peptide bond, the blank group of one AA must be positioned next to the blank group of another AA

Answer 21

carboxyl

amino

Question 22

polypeptides

Answer 22

many amino acids linked by peptide bonds

each polypeptide has unique sequence of AAs and directionality

Question 23

each end of a polypeptide is chemically unique

Answer 23

one end is a free amino group (N-terminus)

one end is a free carboxyl group (C-terminus)

Question 24

the sequence of AAs determines the what?

Answer 24

3D shape

Question 25

when a polypeptide twists and folds (because of R group interaction), it forms a

Answer 25

protein

Question 26

functions of proteins

Answer 26

antibody: help protect the body from disease enzyme: carry out chemical reactions or assist in creating new molecules messenger: transmit signals (ie hormones) structural: provide structure and support transport/storage: bind to and carry small atoms and molecules through the body

Question 27

primary level of protein structure

Answer 27

linear chain of AA determined via genes dictates secondary and tertiary forms

Question 28

secondary level of protein structure

Answer 28

coils and folds due to hydrogen bonding with the polypeptide backbone beta pleated sheet: hydrogen bonds between polypeptide chains lying side by side alpha helix: hydrogen bonding between every fourth AA

Question 29

tertiary level of protein structure

Answer 29

3D folding due to interactions between the side chains of the AAs reinforced by hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges of the chains the covalent bonds formed between sulfur atoms and two cysteine monomers

Question 30

quaternary level of protein structure

Answer 30

association of two or more polypeptides found in only some proteins

Question 31

nucleic acids

Answer 31

polymers made of nucleotide monomers

Question 32

nucleic acids function

Answer 32

store, transmit, and express hereditary info

Question 33

two forms of nucleic acids

Answer 33

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 34

components of nucleic acids

Answer 34

nucleotides—>polynucleotides—>nucleic acids

Question 35

three parts of nucleic acids

Answer 35

nitrogenous base five carbon sugar (pentose) phosphate group

Question 36

types of nitrogenous based

Answer 36

pyrimidines and purines

Question 37

pyrimidines

Answer 37

one ring with 6 atoms cytosine; thymine (only found in DNA); uracil (only found in RNA)

Question 38

purines

Answer 38

one ring with 6 atoms bonded to one ring with 5 atoms adenine; guanine

Question 39

five carbon sugar

Answer 39

a sugar is bonded to the base in DNA the sugar is deoxyribose in RNA the sugar is ribose

Question 40

a phosphate is added to the 5’ carbon of the sugar to form a what?

Answer 40

nucleotide

Question 41

what groups link adjacent nucleotides?

Answer 41

phosphate directionality; 5’ to 3’

Question 42

the sequence of bases along the DNA or mRNA is *blank* for each *blank*

Answer 42

unique gene

Question 43

sequence of bases along the DNA or mRNA dictates

Answer 43

primary structure of a protein 3D structure of a protein

Question 44

DNA

Answer 44

consists of two polynucleotides forms a double helix strands are anti parallel held together by hydrogen bonds between bases

Question 45

RNA

Answer 45

single stranded polynucleotide variable in shape due to base pairing within RNA

Question 46

lipids

Answer 46

class of molecules that do not include true polymers generally small in size often not considered to be a macromolecule lipids are nonpolar- hydrophobic

Question 47

types of lipids

Answer 47

fats phospholipids steroids

Question 48

fats are composed of *blank* and *blank*

Answer 48

glycerol fatty acids

Question 49

glycerol

Answer 49

classified as an alcohol (hydroxyl groups)

Question 50

fatty acids

Answer 50

ping carbon chains (carboxyl group at one end)

Question 51

three fatty acids join to a glycerol via *blank*

Answer 51

ester linkage

Question 52

ester linkage

Answer 52

bond between a hydroxyl and carboxyl group

Question 53

saturated fatty acid

Answer 53

no double bonds between carbon sun the carbon chain=more hydrogen (think: saturated with hydrogen)

Question 54

unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 54

contains one or more double bonds

Question 55

phospholipids

Answer 55

major component of cell membranes; two fatty acids attached to a glycerol and a phosphate assemble as a bilayer in H2O; tails are hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic

Question 56

steroids

Answer 56

lipids that have four fused rings unique groups attached to the ring determines the type of steroid