cell structure and kingdoms- (1.1-2.4)

Question 1

eukaryotic definition

Answer 1

a cell which has a membrane bound nucleus. Eukaryotic cells also have other structures in the cytoplasm which have membranes around them

Question 2

prokaryotic definition

Answer 2

description of a cell which doesnt have a nucleus; the DNA is free in the cytoplasm

Question 3

tissue

Answer 3

a group of cells which carry out the same function e.g muscle

Question 4

bacteria cells

Answer 4

single celled, prokaryotic. No membrane bound nucleus.

Question 5

what is a bacteria cell wall made of

Answer 5

peptidoglycan

Question 6

what is a fungi cell wall made of

Answer 6

chitin

Question 7

3 differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

eukaryotes have mitochondria
only eukaryotes have membrane bound nuclei
only eukaryotes have chloroplasts
prokaryotes are much smaller

Question 8

how is a red blood cell adapted to transport oxygen in the blood

Answer 8

contains haemoglobin- binds to and transports oxygen
no nucleus- more space for haemoglobin
biconcave disc- larger surface area- oxygen can enter and leave the cell quickly

Question 9

How is a sperm cell adapted for its function

Answer 9

flagellum- to allow it to swim
many mitochondria- provide energy needed for swimming

Question 10

how is a palisade (leaf cell) adapted to carry out photosynthesis

Answer 10

Many chloroplasts- trap light energy for photosynthesis
Tall and thin- cells can pack tightly together so more of the light reaching the leaf is absorbed

Question 11

what are some examples of fungi

Answer 11

yeast
Mucor

Question 12

what are some examples of protoctista

Answer 12

amoeba
chlorella

Question 13

what are pathogens

Answer 13

microorganisms which cause infectious disease. they harm by releasing toxins or damaging cells

Question 14

what are some examples of bacteria

Answer 14

lactobacillus
pneumococcus

Question 15

what are decomposers

Answer 15

(fungi and some bacteria) feed b saprotrophic nutrition

Question 16

what are some examples of viruses

Answer 16

influenza, tobacco mosaic virus

Question 17

give three differences between the structure of viruses and bacteria (3)

Answer 17

-bacteria have a flagellum, viruses dont
-viruses have no cell membrane or cell walls
-viruses are smaller
-viruses have no plasmids

Question 18

describe how bacteria and fungi obtain energy from organic matter (3)

Answer 18

-digest/break down/decompose dead organisms
-using digestive enzymes
-saprotrophic nutrition
-respiration

Question 19

explain how a saprotrophic fungus obtains its food (3)

Answer 19

-secretes enzymes onto dead organisms
-feed on decaying organisms
-for extracellular digestion
-absorb the digested food/nutrients

Question 20

three differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms (3)

Answer 20

-eukaryotes have nucleus
-prokaryotes have nucleoids
-eukaryotes have mitochondria
- eukaryotes have more than one chromosome

Question 21

give an example of a name of a protoctista and the disease that it causes

Answer 21

-plasmodium
-causes malaria

Question 22

describe the different types of pathogen and what they cause (6)

Answer 22

-virus- non-living organisms, small particles
-cause AIDS
-bacteria- microscopic, singe celled
-cause pneumonia
-fungus- saprotrophic, single celled, hyphae
-cause athletes foot
-protoctista- microscopic, single celled
-cause malaria

Question 23

how to make yoghurt from bacteria

Answer 23

-sterilise equipment
-milk is pasteurised
-milk cooled and lactobacillus added
-converts lactose into lactic acid
-yoghurt stirred and cooled
-flavourings

Question 24

the acrosome contains digestive enzymes. suggest the function of the acrosome.

Answer 24

-to break down egg membrane
-allow breaking into the egg
-allows fertilisation

Question 25

give two differences in structure between red blood cells and white blood cells

Answer 25

-red blood cells have no nucleus -red blood cells have a biconcave shape

Question 26

give the function of chlorophyll

Answer 26

-absorb light -allows photosynthesis -make carbohydrate/glucose/starch

Question 27

explain why stem cells could repair a damaged heart

Answer 27

-differentiate-unspecialised -carry out mitosis/cell division

Question 28

explain why some plant cells contain many chloroplasts, and some plant cells contain no chloroplasts

Answer 28

-chloroplasts are where photosynthesis takes place -palisade cells contain many chloroplasts- near the top, absorb a lot of light -spongy mesophyll have some -guard cells/stomata dont have many- dont absorb sunlight, only CO2 -none in upper epidermis/root cells

Question 29

which kingdoms are single celled

Answer 29

protoctista, bacteria, some fungi

Question 30

which kingdoms are eukaryotic

Answer 30

animal, plants, fungi, protoctista

Question 31

which kingdoms are prokaryotic

Answer 31

bacteria

Question 32

what is a pathogen

Answer 32

a microorganism that causes disease

Question 33

what are some characteristics of a virus

Answer 33

-non living -small particles -parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells -infect every type of organism

Question 34

what is an organ

Answer 34

a group of different tissues working together to perform a specific function

Question 35

what is an organ system

Answer 35

a group of organs working together to perform a particular function

Question 36

what is a cell

Answer 36

basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all living organisms

Question 37

what is an organelle

Answer 37

organelle is a specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function

Question 38

what is the function of the nucleus

Answer 38

controls the activities of the cell, contains DNA

Question 39

what is the function of the cell membrane

Answer 39

controls what enters and exits the cell

Question 40

what is the function of the ribosome

Answer 40

where protein synthesis occurs

Question 41

what is the function of the cytoplasm

Answer 41

a jelly-like substance that fills the cell and is where most of the cell’s chemical reactions take place -contains enzymes

Question 42

what is the function of a vacuole

Answer 42

storage space filled with cell sap -stores water, nutrients and waste

Question 43

what is the function of the mitochondria

Answer 43

where respiration occurs, producing energy

Question 44

what is the function of the cell wall

Answer 44

helps to support the cell and keep its structure

Question 45

what is the function of chloroplasts

Answer 45

where photosynthesis occurs, making glucose in plants