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Embryology > Cell to Cell Communication in Development & Principles of Experimental Embryology > Flashcards

Cell to Cell Communication in Development & Principles of Experimental Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

organs are formed by interactions between

A

cells & tissues

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2
Q

define inducer

A

cells/tissues that produce a chemical signal which results in a change in another cell’s fate

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3
Q

what is the name for the process where a cell’s fate is changed?

A

induction

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4
Q

define responder

A

cells or tissues which receive the inducing signal

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5
Q

define competence

A

the ability of cells/ tissues to respond to inducing factors

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6
Q

competence is typically governed by _________. Give an example

A

chemical mediators

Ex: proteins

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7
Q

define reciprocity

A

a cyclical pattern of induction between a community of cells

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8
Q

give an example of an inductive interaction

A

the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions

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9
Q

list the 3 types of inductive interactions

A
  1. paracrine factors
  2. juxtacrine factors
  3. autocrine factors
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10
Q

describe paracrine factors

A

the diffusion of proteins over a short distance

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11
Q

describe juxtacrine factors

A

physical interactions between surface protein w/ cell receptor

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12
Q

describe autocrine factors

A

cells respond to their own paracrine factors

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13
Q

which factor travels greater distances: inducing or endocrine

A

endocrine

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14
Q

describe the notch pathway

A

the physical interaction between adjacent cells for the induction process

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15
Q

the notch pathway is an example of which type of signaling

A

juxtacrine signaling

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16
Q

explain the mechanism of the notch pathway

A

a portion of the responder is cleaved by protease enzymes to activate target genes

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17
Q

activation of what causes DNA to be exposed

A

histone acetyltransferases

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18
Q

what type of signaling is commonly found in the nervous sytem?

A

juxtacrine signaling

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19
Q

signal transduction is a a cascade of biochemical events that lead to

A

gene expression

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20
Q

in signal transduction what happens to the receptor

A

ligand binding causes a conformational change

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21
Q

signal transduction activates enzyme activity beginning w/ the

A

G-protein

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22
Q

what is key in signal transduction

A

phosphorylation

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23
Q

what are the 2 types of interactions between inducers and responders

A
  • instructive interaction
  • permissive interaction
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24
Q

describe instructive interactions

A

inducing tissue gives instruction for responding cells to commit to a specific pathway of development

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25
Q

give an example of an instructive interaction

A

mesenchyme and epithelial ectoderm leading to differentiation

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26
Q

describe permissive interaction

A

responder is already specified but needs the proper environment to develop

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27
Q

the RAS-G protein is a component of which signal transduction pathway

A

paracrine

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28
Q

the RAS-G protein is used by growth factors to

A

initiate cell growth and differentiation

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29
Q

mutation in RAS pathway leads to

A

human tumors

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30
Q

the JAK-STAT pathway is responsible for the…

A

differentiation of formed elements in blood and limb formation

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31
Q

mutations in the JAK-STAT pathway leads to

A
  • dwarfism
  • deficiency in specific blood types
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32
Q

why doesn’t the loss of a signaling protein result in abnormal development or death

A

b/c there is a great amount of repetition in the process of signal transduction

33
Q

what provides additional sites to regulate signaling between pathways

A

cross talk between pathways such that they are intimately interconnected

34
Q

what is cell to tissue formation dependent on?

A

basement membrane attachment sites

35
Q

give examples of adhesion molecules

A
  • collagen
  • fibronectin
  • proteoglycans
  • laminin
36
Q

proteoglycans aid in the delivery of

A

paracrine factors to receptor sites

37
Q

integrins are proteins which

A

bind the ECM to the intracellular network

38
Q

ECM binds to

A

actin filaments

39
Q

ECM induces transcription factors to control __________ ___________ or even prevent ____________.

A

gene expression

apoptosis

40
Q

connexin is a group of 6 identical proteins that form

A

a pore that joins cytoplasms

41
Q

what is important in tightly connected cells like epithelia of the gut and neural tube

A

gap junctions

42
Q

temperature alterations influenced what in amphibians

A

sex typing

43
Q

seasonal variations affected the ________ ____________ in butterflies

A

phenotypic expression

44
Q

UV irradation caused exposed amphibians to

A

decreased fertilization & survival rates

45
Q

define mycosporin

A

melanin type protection produced by some species

46
Q

define differentiation

A

development of specialized cell types

47
Q

define commitment in cell specification

A

biochemical changes to determine a cells fate

48
Q

what are the 2 stages of commitment?

A
  1. specification
  2. determination
49
Q

describe the ‘specification’ stage of commitment

A

cell is capable of differentiating “autonomously” in vitro

50
Q

is specification reversible?

A

YES

51
Q

describe the ‘determination’ stage of commitment

A

capable of specification in vivo or when placed back into an embryo

52
Q

is determination reverible?

A

NO

53
Q

what are the 3 types of specification?

A
  1. autonomous
  2. syncytial
  3. conditional
54
Q

describe autonomous specification

A

cells removed from blastomere develop normally

55
Q

autonomous specification is aka a

A

mosaic development

56
Q

autonomous specification is mostly seen in

A

invertebrates

57
Q

syncytial specification is mostly seen in

A

insects

58
Q

describe the syncytial specification

A

the nuclei divides within the egg and spreads throughout

59
Q

the specification of cells by protein concentration is known as? what type of specification is this specific to?

A

morphogens

syncytial specification

60
Q

conditional specification is mostly seen in

A

vertebrates

61
Q

describe conditional specification

A

first forming cells in the blastomere have the ability to differentiate into various cell types

62
Q

in conditional specification what directs the determination of a specific cell type

A

interaction of neighboring cells

63
Q

define regulation

A

the ability of blastomeres to compensate the missing cell types

64
Q

what is the germ plasm theory

A

heritable info. is carried by just gametes and not somatic cells

65
Q

zygotes have inherited component for

A

various body regions

66
Q

what were the 4 types of experimental approaches to germ plasm theory

A
  1. defect
  2. isolation
  3. recombination
  4. transplantation
67
Q

what are stem cells

A

undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells

68
Q

stem cells are found in

A

multicellular organisms

69
Q

what are the 3 different types of stem cells

A
  1. totipotent
  2. pluripotent
  3. multipotent
70
Q

totipotent stem cells can differentiate into

A

embryonic and extraembryonic cell types

71
Q

totipotent stem cells can construct a

A

viable organism

egg + sperm

72
Q

pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to grow into

A

all cells of the embryonic body

73
Q

when and where are the pluripotent stem cells isolated from

A
  • when: during the blastocyst stage
  • where: the inner cell mass
74
Q

pluripotent stem cells are aka

A

embryonic stem cells

75
Q

give an example of multipotent stem cells

A

hematopoietic stem cells

ONLY differentiate into different cell types

76
Q

which type of stem cell is the most limited in its differentiation

A

multipotent

77
Q

cadherins are

A

calcium adhesion molecules

78
Q

catenins are

A

actin binding proteins that anchor cadherins

79
Q

a deficiency in what can lead to embryonic abnormalities

A

calcium or cadherin

Embryology (14 decks)

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