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Embryology > Medical Advances > Flashcards

Medical Advances Flashcards

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1
Q

biochemical pregnancy is defined as

A

an eleavtion in BhCG

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2
Q

approximately 60% of all +hCG…

A

never devlope to live birth

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3
Q

clinical pregnancy is defines as the first presence of

A

a heartbeat

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4
Q

pre-implantation genetic testing (PGT) involves removal of cells as early as the

A

blastomeres of the ICM

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5
Q

pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is looking for a

A

specific disease

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6
Q

pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS) is looking for

A

chromosomal normalcy and not a specific disease

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7
Q

define congenital malformations

A

anomalies and distruptions to the normal development

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8
Q

congenital malformations occur in

A

utero prior to birth

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9
Q

congenital malformations are often a result of “genetic abnoralities” particularly mutations of genes for

A
  • transcription factors
  • transduction factors
  • inducing factors
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10
Q

down syndrom is aka

A

trisomy 21

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11
Q

down syndrome results from an extra chromosomal segment at position

A

21

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12
Q

the incidence of down syndrom increases significantly at what maternal age?

A

35+

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13
Q

define pleiotropy

A

phenotypic effects produced by one gene expression

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14
Q

mosaic pleiotropy is when an abnormal gene

A

independently affects different orangs/systems

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15
Q

relational pleiotropy is when an abornmal gene

A

only affects a single organ development but then that organ’s development affects other organs

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16
Q

define infertility

A

the inability to concieve after on full year of attempts

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17
Q

what are lab techniques used to assist in fertilization

A

assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

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18
Q

what are examples of ART?

A
  • drug therapy
  • in-vitro fertilization
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19
Q

in-vitro fertilization (IVF) was first done by

A

louise brown in 1978

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20
Q

what are 2 other examples of modifes versions of IVF involving retrival of eggs?

A
  1. gamete intrafallopisn transfer (GIFT)
  2. zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
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21
Q

GIFT & ZIFT are considered faster processe because of the

A

timing of the transfers (implantation)

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22
Q

what do GIFT and ZIFT require that IVF does not

A

a surgical procedure to access the fallopian tubes

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23
Q

explain the process of GIFT

A

sperm & eggs are mixed in-vitro and re-implanted into the fallopian tube hoping fertilization occurs

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24
Q

explain the process of ZIFT

A

fertilization occurs in-vitro then the zygote is placed into the fallopian tube

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25
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a procedure where
sperm is injected into the eggs in-vitro to create a fertilized egg
26
under what circumstances is ICSI typically used in cases of male factor infertility such as
Kartagerner's Syndrome
27
which drugs hyperstimulate the ovaries to increase the quality and quantity of egg production
- gonal F - follistim
28
charactersistics of Gonal F
- less expensive - produces more eggs - makes uterus less receptive to implantation
29
characteristics of follistim
produces better quality eggs than gonal F
30
better media has beenn developed that will mimic the ________ ________ during the in-vitro period of fertilization
ampulla region
31
the improved media allows for the embryo to be kept in the dish for an extended period of time ____ days or until the ________ stage
2-3 balstocyst
32
uterus transplants are used in the cases of
- uterine cancer - removed uterus - excessive fibroid tissue
33
micro-TESE is used to identify the areas of the
testicle that has the best sperm production
34
an improvement in these categories can improve the gamete production and fertility in both women and men
- diet - exercise - sleep - lifestyle
35
pre-eclampsia typically presents with
- high BP - high protein levels in urine | - indicates kidney damage, organ failure or damage
36
why was the definition of pre-eclampsia rewritten?
b/c some pregnant women only presented with organ damage and not the other symptoms
37
although the causes of pre-eclampsia are not well known what are thought to be some causes?
- poor blood flow - improper functioning of placenta - high fat diet - poor nutrition
38
what was found to reduce the chances of developing pre-eclampsia?
aspirin
39
a high dosage of aspirin intake can also lead to
- bleeding - loss of pregnancy - congenital birth defects
40
define trachelectomy
a surgical removal of the uterine cervix
41
define vitrification
fast freezing
42
in the process of vitrification water molecules are removed and replaced w/
higher preserving solution before being placed in liquid nitrogen | freezing occurs in miliseconds
43
in the process of vitrification water molecules are removed and replaced w/
higher preserving solution before being placed in liquid nitrogen | freezing occurs in miliseconds
44
vitrification can help prevent cell degradation during what processes
thawing, fertilization. transfer
45
define teratology
the study of birth defects
46
teratogens are
exogenous agents responisble for genetic abnormalities
47
at what period during development is the most susceptible to teratogens?
3rd-8th week
48
why is the 3-8 week the period of time where susceptibility to teratogens is the highest?
b/c of the massive amount of gene segments that are expressed for commitment of stem cells to specific cell types
49
list examples of teratogenic agents
- drug - chemicals - antibiotics - viruses - radiation - hyperthermia - metabolic conditions
50
what is the most commonly occurring teratogen that affects gestational development?
FAS | fetal alcohol syndrome
51
what is the most commonly occurring teratogen that affects gestational development?
FAS | fetal alcohol syndrome
52
developmental cancer is a composite of cells that are developing ____________ and are generally...
- abnormally - unresponsive to their environment
53
teratocarciniomas are malignant cells within the embryo that mimic or behave like the
ICM | affect normal organ development
54
what are 5 cancer implications on development?
1. change environment for normal development 2. communication between cells is disrupted 3. cadherin levels decrease (allows metastasis) 4. abnormal physiology 5. expresses anti-apoptosis gene
55
what is a product similar to VEGF that is secreted by tumor cells to stimulate angiogenesis?
TAF | tumor angiogenesis factor
56
what is the difference between normal capillaries and those that feed the carcinoma
carcinoma capillaries are more permeable | useful for chemotherapeutic agents
57
explain the mechanism of multi-component anti-cancer drugs
- bypass theh vasculature of healthly tissue - outer coat of drug blocks TAF - inner core of drug exerts cytotoxic componets
58
give an example of multi-component anti-cancer drugs
nexavar | renal & liver carcinomas
59
gene therapy is the ability to manipulate
gene segments during the gestational period
60
somatic cell gene therapy involves altering the
gene product within the body cell DNA of the host | only affects individual recieving therapy
61
germline gene therapy corrects
faulty gene segments in the host & offspring
62
germline gene therapy would block the transmission of
- genetically predisposed or inherited diseases/disorders
63
what are the 4 sources of stem cells?
1. embryonic stem cells 2. adult stem cells 3. umbilical stem cells 4. maternal stem cells
64
embryonic stem cells are
pluripotent
65
embryonic stem cells are derived from the
ICM of the blastocyst
66
adult stem cells are
multipotent in adults | only pluripotent in animals models
67
umbilical stem cells are found in the cords blood that are
pluripotent
68
maternal stem cells are
fetal stem cells within the maternal blood circulation

Embryology (14 decks)

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