The Genetic Core of Development

Question 1

what 2 different groups had differing opinions on what was responsible for differentiation of cell types and development of the embryo?

Answer 1

geneticist group & embryologist

Question 2

define polyspermic fertilization

Answer 2

when more than one egg fertilizes the egg cytoplasm

Question 3

polyspermic fertilization results in

Answer 3

• excess genetic material
• abnormal blastomere formation
• embryonic anomalies

Question 4

eggs w/ the original nucleus removed failed to

Answer 4

develop embryos

Question 5

what was the embryological theory?

Answer 5

differentiation of cell types was dictated through biochemical changes in the cytoplasm

Question 6

explain somatic nuclear transfer

Answer 6

enucleated eggs transfected w/ donor nucleus

Question 7

somatic nuclear transfer is AKA

Answer 7

cloning

Question 8

somatic nuclear transfer lead to the development of a

Answer 8

normal ‘totipotent’ embryo

Question 9

define totipotent

Answer 9

genome capable of directing development of all cell types

Question 10

the success of embryo development is dependent upon the _______ of the transfer

Answer 10

timing

Question 11

transfer at what stage led to the complete differentiation of cell types

Answer 11

early blastula stage

Question 12

transfer at later stages of the blastula led to…why?

Answer 12

loss of potency

• cells were already committed prior to transfer

Question 13

what did the British group clone sheep from

Answer 13

a somatic cell nucleus of an adult donor

Question 14

explain the process that lead to the birth of Dolly

Answer 14

• diploid nuclei inserted by electroporation into oocytes
• fertilized eggs are transferred into recipient

Question 15

Dolly was identical in ___________ but NOT ___________.

Answer 15

genotypes

phenotypes

Question 16

define transgenic species

Answer 16

species containing genes from unrelated donor/species

Question 17

the polymerase chain reaction is the

Answer 17

cloning of mass quantities of DNA

Question 18

PCR uses reverse transcriptase to create

Answer 18

mRNA and cDNA

Question 19

what is an advantage of PCR

Answer 19

no host cell is required

Question 20

what is a disadvantage of PCR

Answer 20

only a single gene can be expressed during an assay procedure

Question 21

PCR is used to determine if a

Answer 21

specific gene is active in particular cells

Question 22

microarrays & macroarrays is the ability to observe

Answer 22

thousands of genes being expressed simultaneously

Question 23

what are the 4 DNA insertion techniques

Answer 23

1. microinjection
2. transfection
3. electroportation
4. vectors

Question 24

explain the process of microinjections

Answer 24

cloned DNA segments are isolated & modified then injected into nucleus of fertilized eggs

Question 25

explain the process of transfection

Answer 25

DNA fragments are absorbed into cell & incorporated into the chromosome

Question 26

explain the process of electroporation

Answer 26

electrical impluses force DNA fragments into cell

Question 27

explain the process of vectors

Answer 27

plasmids & phages injecting genetic material into host genome

Question 28

what is the genetic basis of development?

Answer 28

isolation of individual genes & their expression/silence led to direct link of embryonic cell differentiation