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Embryology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

all but which of the following are formed out of the lateral plate mesoderm?

  • heart
  • lymphatic system
  • urogenital system
  • blood vessels
A

urogenital system

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2
Q

metamorphosis is the subtle changes within an organism, though to be under the control of ________ at the level of transcription in the nucleus

  • protease enzymes
  • growth hormones
  • thyroid hormes
  • induction factors
A

thyroid hormones

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3
Q

the 1st functional organ and system to complete development in the embryo is the ____?

  • lungs/respiratory
  • nervous
  • heart
  • digestive
A

heart

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4
Q

the “cardiogenic mesoderm” is collection of stem cells which will differentiate into structures directly releted to the heart. Therefore, what classification of stem cells would you place them in?

  • multipotent
  • totipotent
  • pluripotent
  • cardiopotent
A

multipotent

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5
Q

resveratrol is a substance in the skin of red grapes and in red wine which will do what as potential tool to slow or suppress the aging process?

  • reduce LDL and cholesterol
  • activates the SIRT-1 gene to regulate metabolic pathways
  • is an antioxidant to reduce free radicles in the body
  • is a CR copycat, which will minic a reduction in caloric intake
A

is an antioxidant to reduce free radicals in the body

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6
Q

while a portion of this anatomical structure undergoes apoptosis, come of the cells will remain to form a portion of the vertebral disc.

  • notochord
  • somites
  • primitive streak
  • medial hinge point
A

notochord

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7
Q

the vertebrae and rib cartilage are derives from this division (compartment) of the somites?

  • myotome
  • osteotome
  • scleotome
  • dermatome
A

scleotome

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8
Q

of the following characteristics, the one that does not apply to somite formation is……….

  • forms from the tail region proximally
  • form simultaneously on each side of the neural tube
  • notch signaling determines the location of somite formation
  • begin forming between 20-30 days post-fertilization
A

forms from the tail region proximally

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9
Q

the process of taking adult structures back to a stage undifferentiated cells in order to respecify them is referred to as……

  • regeneration
  • respecification
  • cpmpensatory regeneration
  • de-differentiation
A

de-differentiation

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10
Q

the axonal ends release ____ which is critical to stimulate mitosis within the blastemas for regeneration to occur

  • growth hormone
  • fibroblast growth factors
  • calcium
  • epinephrine
A

fibroblast growth factors

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11
Q

remodeling of the primary set of blood vessels into more refined capillaries is referred to as……….?

  • vasculogenesis
  • anastomosis
  • angiogenesis
  • preformation
A

angiogenesis

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12
Q

the initial pulsation of the embryonic heart is dependent upon the presence of which of the following?

  • calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • potassium influx
  • sodium/potassium exchange pump
  • sodium/calcium exchange pump
A

sodium/calcium exchange pump

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13
Q

scretions from the ____________induce the ____to begin valve formation in the heart

  • myocardium, endocardium
  • epicardium,endocardium
  • endocardium,myocardium
  • endocardial cushion, myocardium
A

endocardium, myocardium

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14
Q

an issue has occurred with the specification of the ____. therefore, the atrioventricular channels do not form properly

  • paraxial mesoderm
  • endocardial (endothelial) cushion cells
  • angioblast
  • AV endocardial cells
A

endocardial (endothelial) cushion cells

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15
Q

during the process of “somitogenesis” fissure formation requires __________.

  • tyrosine kinases for separation to occur
  • messenchymal cells producing an epithelial covering around each somite
  • the apporproate temporal or time pattern for the formation of each somite
  • expression of gene segments within the somites to form specific fissures or structures
A

tyrosine kinases for separation to occur

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16
Q

following a limb injury, without ____, epidermal skin cells are replaced and a scar is formed

  • blood supply
  • hormones
  • an immune system
  • nerve innervation
A

nerve innervation

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17
Q

vasculogenesis originates out of the ____ or aggregates of hemangioblasts.

  • hematopoetic stem cells
  • blood islands
  • endothelium
  • mesoderm
A

blood islands

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18
Q

regeneration of specific tissue in a variety of organisms due to loss or death of the existing tissue is known as…………?

  • morphallaxis
  • de-differentiation
  • compensatory regeneration
  • metamorphosis
A

morphallaxis

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19
Q

a failure of the syndetomes to develop or differentiate would lead to a decrease or absence of ____ formation.

  • muscle
  • tendons
  • bone
  • vertebrae
A

tendons

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20
Q

the blastema has the potential to develop into bone cells. cartilage cells, myocytes, nerve cells, and fibroblasts cells. Therefore, the answer below that best defines the blastema would be________?

  • unipotent stem cells
  • totipotent stem cells
  • messenchymal stem cells
  • embryonic stem cells
  • multipotent stem cells
A

messenchymal stem cells

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21
Q

as mentioned in question #4, the “cardiogenic mesoderm” is a collection of stem cells that will differentiate into various structures of the heart. Which one of the choices below is not one of those parts of the heart from this stem cell source?

  • endocardioal endothelial cells
  • atrial myocyes
  • SA & AV nodes
  • ventricular myocytes
A

SA & AV nodes

22
Q

the rhythmic contraction of the digestive tract knownn as peristalsis, is due to the movement of smooth muscle which is derives from the _______.

  • lateral plate mesoderm
  • sclerotome
  • paraxial mesoderm
  • notochord
A

lateral plate mesoderm

23
Q

“deterioration prevailing over synthesis” is best described as which choice below?

  • non-homeostasis
  • biodegradation
  • aging
  • dr. lee
A

aging

24
Q

T/F

lymphatic vessels differentiate and form in the embryoo as a result of the same growth factor that is necessary for the formation of blood vessels.

A

true

25
Q

T/F

it is important ot reach the 28th week of gestation before a premature delivery. the reason given in your study guide is that this is when surfactant is typically produced to maintain compliance of the alveoli

A

true

26
Q

T/F

the presumptive heart cells or “cardiogenic mesoderm” first develop in the primitive streak

A

true

27
Q

T/F

the lateral plate mesoderm along with input from the endoderm germ layer, leads to formation of the heart and associated structures, ie, vessels and blood

A

true

28
Q

T/F

rather than forming simultaneously down the nerual tube, somites are first formed down one side of the neural tube ans then down the other side of the tube directly across from each other

A

false

29
Q

T/F

the heart forst begins to pulsate after it has gone through the looping process

A

false

30
Q

T/F

the hematopoiesis process begins to occur in the bone marroe during approximately the 28th week of gestation

A

true

31
Q

T/F

the process of erythropoiesis is primary under control of the heart which secretes a hormone to stimulate the liver

A

false

32
Q

T/F

somite formation utilizes the same signaling process as was seen in juxtacrine attachment of cells to determine theor specific location

A

true

33
Q

T/F

injections of testosterone and HGH may both be potential tools to stop or slow the ageing process

A

true

34
Q

T/F

prior to “looping” of the heart tube, the presumptive ventricles are located at the lower, or distal end of the tube although they will eventually form the upper chambers of the heart

A

false

35
Q

T/F

somites begin to form down the neural tube from the lateral plate mesoderm

A

false

36
Q

T/F

from the beginning of its formation, the embryonic heart is a single tube with two atrial chambers and two ventricular chambers

A

false

37
Q

T/F

we can see now why the nervous system is one of the first to develop within the growing embryo/fetus since the physiology of the pulsating heart will rely on some innervation

A

true

38
Q

T/F

blastemas have been shown to induce regeneration by directly infucing or injecting Ffg2 into them in the absence of an intact nervous system innervation

A

true

39
Q

T/F

certain “gene groups” have been identified that when expressed may lead to a longer life span. Also, shorter stature people may also have a genetic mutation linked to a longer life, (such as the story of Sadie Kaplan)

A

true

40
Q

T/F

the respiratory system (tube) is the first to begin formation out of the endoderm germ layer followed by the beginnings of the digestive system (tube)

A

false

41
Q

during fissure formation, the separation of individual somites requires this protein

A

tyrosine kinase

42
Q

protein which induces myotome formation and the synthesis of muscle

A

MyoD

43
Q

inducing factors from the ____ and neural tube stimulate the commitment of somites into scleotome, dermatome and myotome

A

notochord

44
Q

gene segment that helps to produce cadherin and fuse the two heart halves into one tube

A

GATA 4

45
Q

endochondral ossification is the formation of bone from which of your choices?

A

fibrous connective tissue

46
Q

which of the above, forms the peripheral nervous system?

A

neural crest cells

47
Q

what produces the epithelial covering around the somites

A

cardiogenic mesoderm

48
Q

serves to shape the atrioventricular channels

A

endocardial cushion cells

49
Q

the process which orients the presumptive heart tube into “normal” configuration

A

looping

50
Q

which division of somites will eventually produce the vertebrae and rib cartilage?

A

sclerotome

Embryology (14 decks)

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