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History of Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

what begins before the completion of anatomical development?

A

physiology

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2
Q

what was meant by Aristotle when he coined vital heat?

A

fluids from each parent mixing to form a offspring

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3
Q

name the 6 challenges that early embryologists faced

A
  1. differentiation
  2. morphogenesis
  3. growth
  4. reproduction
  5. evolution
  6. environmental stresses
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4
Q

Aristole described the 2 historically important models of development known as

A
  1. preformation
  2. epigenesis
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5
Q

define epigenesis

A

organs form “de novo”

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6
Q

define preformation

A

organs are present in miniature form within the gametes

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7
Q

preformation is aka

A

homonculus

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8
Q

what were some of the characteristics believed by preformationist homunculus?

A
  • sperm or egg carries info. to form the adult being
  • no changes due to environment can occur
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9
Q

first to observe the Primary Germ Layers in the chicken embryo species and that the germ layers give rise to specific organ systems

A

Karl Ernst von Baer & Christian Pander

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10
Q

what proved the end of the preformation theorist?

A

advancements in microscopes and staining techniques

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11
Q

what constitutes the primary germ layers?

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
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12
Q

define ectoderm

A

outer most layer that produces the epidermis of the skin and forms the brain and nervous system

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13
Q

define mesoderm

A

middle layer that generates blood, kidneys, heart, bones, muscle, & connective tissues

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14
Q

define endoderm

A

innermost layer forming the epithelium

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15
Q

what are the 2 primary cell types from which other cells, tissues, and organs develop?

A
  1. epithelial cells
  2. mesenchymal cells
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16
Q

define morphogenesis

A

the formation of the structural components in the body

  • how differentiated cells become organized into tissues and organs
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17
Q

define malformations

A

Genetic alterations that cause abnormalities

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18
Q

define teratogens

A

agents responsible for disruptions at the gene level causing abnormalities and malformations to the developing fetus

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19
Q

give an example of a teratogen

A

thalidomide

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20
Q

embryology focuses on the ___________ changes whilst development focuses on the __________ changes.

A

anatomical

physiological

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21
Q

define growth

A

the expansion of an organism in length and circumference

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22
Q

growth implies ONLY multiplication of …….. and NOT changes in …………

A
  • cells
  • cellular/tissue anatomy
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23
Q

what 3 things does differentiation describe

A
  1. cell/ tissue changes to become specialized
  2. how one cell become different cell types
  3. how DNA segments are regulated
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24
Q

how are DNA segments regulated

A

w/ acetylation and adenylation

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25
apoptosis is
programed cell death
26
ontogeny is aka
life history
27
oocyte is known as the
ovum
28
the ovum changes from oogonium to
primary then secondary oocyte
29
define pronuclei
is haploid (23 chromosomes)
30
spermatozoa is the
mature sperm
31
zygote is aka
the fertilized ovum
32
In what region of the oviduct does fertilization typically occur? | oviduct: fallopian tube
in the ampulla region | "curved" part of the fallopian tube
33
what is meant by polyspermia?
multiple sperm cells fertilizing a single egg
34
what are the 5 stages of embryonic development?
1. cleavage 2. blastulation 3. gastrulation 4. neurulation 5. organogenesis
35
describe cleavage
- the creation of morula - zygote divides forming blastomeres (single cells)
36
describe bastulation
creation of bastula
37
describe gastrulation
- creation of gastrula - beginnings of 3 germ layers which form organs & body structures
38
describe neurulation
creation of neurual w/ neural plate | - key parts of the nervous system
39
the neurual then turns into
a neural tube
40
the neural tube turns into
the central and peripheral nervous system
41
as the zygote begins to divide ______ are formed
blastomeres
42
during cleavage cells look alike in
morphology | - not necessarily size
43
the morula is made up of
12 or more blastomeres
44
when does the morula form?
3-4 days following fertilization as the embryo enters the uterus from the uterine tube
45
a blastocyst is a
type of bastula found in mammals
46
in humans. when the morula enters the uterus what forms?
a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel) | - appox. 5 days after fertilization
47
the formation of a blastocoel results in the formation of the... and an outer ring of blastomeres termed the
- inner cell mass (ICM) - trophoblast
48
the ICM becomes the
body of the new offspring
49
define embryo
human baby during the first 8 weeks of gestation
50
when is the developing baby most susceptible to teratogenic and congenital anomalities
during the embryo phase
51
what is known as all parts of the blastocyst that includes the embryo and all its developing structures
conceptus
52
define primordium
the first apparent indication of an organ or structure
53
define fetus
the human baby from the 9th week of gestation until the birth of the child
54
Aristotle first used the terms
zygote and vital heat
55
define embryology
the anatomical changes that occur during development from conception to birth
56
define development
the physiological and molecular events that occur during growth and differentiation of the embryo
57
define differentiation
how one cell becomes many diff. kinds of cell types and how DNA segments are switched on and off
58
blastomeres all look alike in _________ but not necessarily the same ______.
morphology size
59
each blastomere contains the full
compliment of genetic information
60
a blastomere is
diploid
61
describe organogenesis
creation of organs
62
define inner cell mass (ICM)
mass of blastomeres that forms at one pole of the blastula
63
the ICM is AKA the
embryonic stem cells
64
define trophoblast
bastomeres which form the mem. and structures such as the placenta, allantois, chorion

Embryology (14 decks)

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