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Embryology > History of Embryology > Flashcards

History of Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what begins before the completion of anatomical development?

A

physiology

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2
Q

what was meant by Aristotle when he coined vital heat?

A

fluids from each parent mixing to form a offspring

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3
Q

name the 6 challenges that early embryologists faced

A
  1. differentiation
  2. morphogenesis
  3. growth
  4. reproduction
  5. evolution
  6. environmental stresses
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4
Q

Aristole described the 2 historically important models of development known as

A
  1. preformation
  2. epigenesis
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5
Q

define epigenesis

A

organs form “de novo”

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6
Q

define preformation

A

organs are present in miniature form within the gametes

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7
Q

preformation is aka

A

homonculus

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8
Q

what were some of the characteristics believed by preformationist homunculus?

A
  • sperm or egg carries info. to form the adult being
  • no changes due to environment can occur
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9
Q

first to observe the Primary Germ Layers in the chicken embryo species and that the germ layers give rise to specific organ systems

A

Karl Ernst von Baer & Christian Pander

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10
Q

what proved the end of the preformation theorist?

A

advancements in microscopes and staining techniques

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11
Q

what constitutes the primary germ layers?

A
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
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12
Q

define ectoderm

A

outer most layer that produces the epidermis of the skin and forms the brain and nervous system

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13
Q

define mesoderm

A

middle layer that generates blood, kidneys, heart, bones, muscle, & connective tissues

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14
Q

define endoderm

A

innermost layer forming the epithelium

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15
Q

what are the 2 primary cell types from which other cells, tissues, and organs develop?

A
  1. epithelial cells
  2. mesenchymal cells
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16
Q

define morphogenesis

A

the formation of the structural components in the body

  • how differentiated cells become organized into tissues and organs
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17
Q

define malformations

A

Genetic alterations that cause abnormalities

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18
Q

define teratogens

A

agents responsible for disruptions at the gene level causing abnormalities and malformations to the developing fetus

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19
Q

give an example of a teratogen

A

thalidomide

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20
Q

embryology focuses on the ___________ changes whilst development focuses on the __________ changes.

A

anatomical

physiological

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21
Q

define growth

A

the expansion of an organism in length and circumference

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22
Q

growth implies ONLY multiplication of …….. and NOT changes in …………

A
  • cells
  • cellular/tissue anatomy
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23
Q

what 3 things does differentiation describe

A
  1. cell/ tissue changes to become specialized
  2. how one cell become different cell types
  3. how DNA segments are regulated
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24
Q

how are DNA segments regulated

A

w/ acetylation and adenylation

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25
Q

apoptosis is

A

programed cell death

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26
Q

ontogeny is aka

A

life history

27
Q

oocyte is known as the

A

ovum

28
Q

the ovum changes from oogonium to

A

primary then secondary oocyte

29
Q

define pronuclei

A

is haploid (23 chromosomes)

30
Q

spermatozoa is the

A

mature sperm

31
Q

zygote is aka

A

the fertilized ovum

32
Q

In what region of the oviduct does fertilization typically occur?

oviduct: fallopian tube

A

in the ampulla region

“curved” part of the fallopian tube

33
Q

what is meant by polyspermia?

A

multiple sperm cells fertilizing a single egg

34
Q

what are the 5 stages of embryonic development?

A
  1. cleavage
  2. blastulation
  3. gastrulation
  4. neurulation
  5. organogenesis
35
Q

describe cleavage

A
  • the creation of morula
  • zygote divides forming blastomeres (single cells)
36
Q

describe bastulation

A

creation of bastula

37
Q

describe gastrulation

A
  • creation of gastrula
  • beginnings of 3 germ layers which form organs & body structures
38
Q

describe neurulation

A

creation of neurual w/ neural plate

- key parts of the nervous system

39
Q

the neurual then turns into

A

a neural tube

40
Q

the neural tube turns into

A

the central and peripheral nervous system

41
Q

as the zygote begins to divide ______ are formed

A

blastomeres

42
Q

during cleavage cells look alike in

A

morphology

- not necessarily size

43
Q

the morula is made up of

A

12 or more blastomeres

44
Q

when does the morula form?

A

3-4 days following fertilization as the embryo enters the uterus from the uterine tube

45
Q

a blastocyst is a

A

type of bastula found in mammals

46
Q

in humans. when the morula enters the uterus what forms?

A

a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel)

- appox. 5 days after fertilization

47
Q

the formation of a blastocoel results in the formation of the… and an outer ring of blastomeres termed the

A
  • inner cell mass (ICM)
  • trophoblast
48
Q

the ICM becomes the

A

body of the new offspring

49
Q

define embryo

A

human baby during the first 8 weeks of gestation

50
Q

when is the developing baby most susceptible to teratogenic and congenital anomalities

A

during the embryo phase

51
Q

what is known as all parts of the blastocyst that includes the embryo and all its developing structures

A

conceptus

52
Q

define primordium

A

the first apparent indication of an organ or structure

53
Q

define fetus

A

the human baby from the 9th week of gestation until the birth of the child

54
Q

Aristotle first used the terms

A

zygote and vital heat

55
Q

define embryology

A

the anatomical changes that occur during development from conception to birth

56
Q

define development

A

the physiological and molecular events that occur during growth and differentiation of the embryo

57
Q

define differentiation

A

how one cell becomes many diff. kinds of cell types and how DNA segments are switched on and off

58
Q

blastomeres all look alike in _________ but not necessarily the same ______.

A

morphology

size

59
Q

each blastomere contains the full

A

compliment of genetic information

60
Q

a blastomere is

A

diploid

61
Q

describe organogenesis

A

creation of organs

62
Q

define inner cell mass (ICM)

A

mass of blastomeres that forms at one pole of the blastula

63
Q

the ICM is AKA the

A

embryonic stem cells

64
Q

define trophoblast

A

bastomeres which form the mem. and structures such as the placenta, allantois, chorion

Embryology (14 decks)

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