Cells and organelles Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
What is the first tenet of cell theory?
A
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
3
Q
What is the second tenet of cell theory?
A
The cell is the basic unit of life.
4
Q
What is the third tenet of cell theory?
A
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
5
Q
True or False: Viruses are considered living organisms according to cell theory.
A
False.
6
Q
What are the seven characteristics of living organisms?
A
Movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition.
7
Q
Fill in the blank: All cells require _____ to function.
A
energy.
8
Q
What do prokaryotic cells lack that eukaryotic cells have?
A
Lysosomes, centrioles and flagella
9
Q
Which type of cell is typically smaller, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
A
Prokaryotic cells.
10
Q
True or False: Eukaryotic cells can be unicellular or multicellular.
A
True.
11
Q
What is an example of a prokaryotic organism?
A
Bacteria.
12
Q
What is an example of a eukaryotic organism?
A
Humans.
13
Q
Fill in the blank: Prokaryotic cells reproduce by _____.
A
binary fission.
14
Q
What structure do eukaryotic cells have that separates their genetic material from the cytoplasm?
A
Nucleus.
15
Q
What are the two main categories of cells?
A
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
16
Q
True or False: All living organisms must perform metabolism.
A
True.
17
Q
What is the primary function of ribosomes in a cell?
A
Protein synthesis.
18
Q
Which organelle is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
A
Mitochondria.
19
Q
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cell.
A
cell membrane.
20
Q
What is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?
A
To provide structure and protection.
21
Q
True or False: Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
A
True.
22
Q
What is the term for a cell’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment?
A
Homeostasis.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: All cells require _____ for growth and maintenance.
A
nutrients.
24
Q
What type of reproduction do eukaryotic cells commonly use?
A
Mitosis.
25
Which cell type typically has a more complex structure, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic.
26
What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Photosynthesis.
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Fill in the blank: Prokaryotic cells do not have _____.
membrane ound organells
28
what is cyclosis?
Mouvement of material of cell
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what is biosyntehsis
helps repair cell parts using food and energy
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what is egestion
removal of solid waste
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Why cant a cell be too big?
Surface area to volume ratio. If it is too big, membrane wont be able to keep up! with needs.
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What do both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have mainly in common
Cell membrane, cytoplasm and DNA
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What is the main difference between prokaryotic cells and eukarytoic cells?
Prokaryotic = Non membrane bound cells
Eukaryotic = membrane bound cells
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What are organells also defined as?
Sub-cellar parts found in a cell
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What is the main purpose of the cel membrane?
Protects cells internal evnironemnt from the external environement, regulates what goes in and out
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What is the cell membrane mainly composed of?
Lipids and proteins
37
Decribe main components of nucleus starting from out to middle.
Nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, nucleolus
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What is found in your nucleolus?
DNA and RNA
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What does DNA contain
Genetic information to create future cells or proteins
40
How is the DNA transcribed to your ribosomes
RNA takes genetic information to your ribosomes.
41
What is the proccess of trancribing genetic info to ribosomes called?
Protein synthesis
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How are ribosomes made?
They are produced from the nucleolus as well, sub unit large and small!
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What is the state of DNA when cell is not dividing?
Chromatin when not dividing, chromosome when dividing
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Where are ribosomes found?
Rough ER or just eveyrwhere
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Are ribosomes membrane bound cells?
No
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What does the ribosome do?
Scans your RNA to make PROTEINS
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what is the organelle that acts as a road for olecules in your cell?
Endoplasmic reticulum
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Where are ribosomes matured?
Spaces in rough ER
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What does the smooth ER do?
Create lipids for membrane
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Function of golgi apparatus
Modify, sort and transport proteins
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What are different forms of vesicles
transport vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes
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What do transport vesicles do?
Bring ribosomes from rough er to golgi apparatus to membrane where it fuses and releases proteins
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Where do lysosomes come from?
BUD from your golgi apparatus
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describe lysosome
thick membrane that contains enzymes.
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Functionof lysosomes
BREAKS DOWN large molcs, RECYCLES organic material in cell, DESTROYS old organells, and CLEANSES cell of wastes
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What do peroxisomes contain?
Enzymes
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What type of enzyme do peroxisomes contain?
Catalase
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What does catalase do?
kills bacteria + break down alcohol = hydrogen peroxide -----> water + oxygen
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what can break down fatty acids to give mitochondria energy
peroxisomes
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what are vacuoles?
Storage area for cells
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What is the mitochondrias MAIN function?
Does cellular respiration to convert glucose to form of energy cell can use
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What are the inner folds of oyour mitochondria called?
Cristae
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Whats so special about your mitochondria?
IT CONTAINS ITS OWN DNA WOOWWWW
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_______ + 6O2 → ________ + ________ + ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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What is the function of your cytoskeleton
Support system keeps form and structure
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What is your cytoskeleton made of?
Protein tubes and fibers
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what are micro filaments?
threadlike protein structure that maintains the structure of the cell, help with muscle contraction
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what are microtubules
hollow structures that MAINTAIN SHAPE OF CELL + SEPERATES CHROMOSOMES during cell div + creates cilla and flagella
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What are centrioles shapes like?
Cylinders at a 90 degree angle to one another
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What do centrioles do?
Guide microtubules
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What is a polar molecule
ONE END IS SLIGHTLY POSTIVIE OTHER IS SLIGHTLY NEGATICE covalent
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Can a nonpolar molecule cross bilayer without help?
No
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What is a non-polar molecule
Electrons are shared euqally
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Can a polar molecule cross bilayer without help?
Yes
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what parts of your celll membrane are polar? non polar?
Phospholipid head = polar (likes water)
Fatty acid tails = non polar (hates water)
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What doe animal cells have that PLANT CELLS DONT?
Lysosomes, centrioles and flagella
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What do plant cells have that ANIMAL CELLS DONT?
Plastids, central vacuole, cell wall.
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What is the cell wall of plant coposed of ?
Cellulose a tough carbohydrate fiber
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Central vacuoles
Fill up with water, creates turgor pressure, provide support for plant to carry itself
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What is similar to the mitochondria in a plant cell?
Plastids
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What are plastids?
There are three types of plastids, that store its on DNA
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Name the three types of plastids?
Chloroplastes, chromoplasts and leucoplasts
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what do chloroplastes contain?
Two membranes, stroma and thylakoids
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What do chrloplastes do?
Photosynthesis by converting energy to chemical energy that is stored as glucose and sugars
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What are thylakoids and why are they important
Structure in your chloroplastes that are stacked membranes and contain a green pigment which is essetnial for photosuntheis
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What do thylakoids contain?
Chlorophil
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What do chromoplastes do?
Give colour EXCEPT FOR COLOUR GREEN
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Leucoplastes
NO COLOUR, but stores starch as long term energy source for plants
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Unicellular organimes
ONLY ONE cell small and indipendant
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Colonial organimes
Contain a GROUP of identical cells, indipendant
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Multicelullar organismes
Different cells that work together
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what is the phospholipid head made of?
PO4-3
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Types of proteins found in your cell membrane
Trensport proteins, receptor proteins and enzyme proteins
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What do carbhoydrates do in your cell membrane?
helps cells identify eachother
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What does cholesterol help with in your cell membrane?
Helps keep membrane strong and felxible
96
What is the nature of your cell membrane described as?
fluid mosaic
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What is homeostasis within a cell
Cells ablity to maintain a stable internal environemnt when external environemnt changes
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What is a concentration gradient
Difference in concentration of molecules between two AREAS
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Where will molecules naturally go in your concentration gradient
High to low concentration of your molecule
100
Types of passive transport
Diffusion, and osmosis
101
What do receptor proteins do?
identify molecules as a form of comunication to know which molecule can enter
102
What do enzyme proteins do
Asisst chemical reactions
103
Isotonic
solute and water equal inside and outside, water will keep moving back and forth in same rate and both directions
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What type of cell is isotonic solution not ideal?
PLants
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Hypertonic
High solute, low solvant
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What is most likely to occur in a hypertonic solution
Plasmolysis! Too much water moves OUT of cell
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Hypotonic
Low solute high solvant
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What is most likely to occur in a hypotonic solution?
cytolysis too much water IN CELL
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Facilitated difusion
Helps large molecules or polar molecules diffuce through membrane
110
What do small molecule and ions use for active transport?
ATP
111
What do large molecule need for active tranport?
Endocytosis, infoldings to engulf (phagocytosis) or drink (pinocytosis)
Exocytosis, release molecules
112
