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Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

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2
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse gametes.

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3
Q

True or False: Mitosis produces four daughter cells.

A

False

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Mitosis occurs in _____ cells.

A

somatic

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5
Q

What is the main purpose of mitosis?

A

The main purpose of mitosis is to enable growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

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6
Q

What type of cells undergo meiosis?

A

Germ cells or gametes.

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7
Q

What phase follows prophase in mitosis?

A

Metaphase

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8
Q

List the stages of meiosis.

A

Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

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9
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

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10
Q

True or False: Mitosis results in genetic variation.

A

False

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11
Q

What is the result of meiosis?

A

Four genetically diverse haploid cells.

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12
Q

What is the role of spindle fibers in mitosis?

A

Spindle fibers help separate the chromosomes during cell division.

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13
Q

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

A

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, while diploid cells have two sets.

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14
Q

During which phase do chromosomes align at the cell equator?

A

Metaphase

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The two identical halves of a chromosome are called _____

A

sister chromatids

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16
Q

What is the significance of meiosis in sexual reproduction?

A

Meiosis produces gametes with half the chromosome number, ensuring genetic diversity.

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17
Q

What happens during anaphase in mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

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18
Q

True or False: Meiosis consists of two rounds of division.

A

True

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19
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate cells.

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20
Q

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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21
Q

What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis produces two identical cells, while meiosis produces four genetically diverse cells.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The phase of meiosis where homologous chromosomes separate is called _____

A

Anaphase I

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23
Q

What structures are formed during prophase I of meiosis?

A

Tetrads or bivalents.

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24
Q

What is the role of the centromere?

A

The centromere holds sister chromatids together and is the attachment point for spindle fibers.

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25
During which phase do the nuclear membranes reform?
Telophase
26
True or False: Mitosis occurs in all types of cells.
False
27
What is the end product of mitosis?
Two diploid daughter cells.
28
What is independent assortment?
Independent assortment is the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes during meiosis.
29
What happens during telophase in meiosis?
Nuclear membranes reform around each set of chromosomes.
30
What phase occurs after metaphase?
Anaphase
31
Fill in the blank: The cell cycle consists of _____ phases.
four
32
What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle?
Checkpoints ensure that the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase.
33
What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid?
A chromosome is a single piece of DNA, while a chromatid is one half of a duplicated chromosome.
34
True or False: Meiosis results in genetically identical cells.
False
35
What is the purpose of genetic variation in meiosis?
Genetic variation increases the adaptability and survival of a species.
36
What occurs during interphase?
The cell grows, duplicates its DNA, and prepares for division.
37
During which phase do homologous chromosomes pair up?
Prophase I of meiosis.
38
What is the function of the mitotic spindle?
The mitotic spindle helps segregate chromosomes during mitosis.
39
Fill in the blank: In humans, gametes are _____ cells.
haploid
40
What is a tetrad?
A tetrad is a structure containing four chromatids that forms during prophase I of meiosis.
41
What happens during cytokinesis in plant cells?
A cell plate forms to divide the cell.
42
What is the role of the p53 protein?
The p53 protein helps regulate the cell cycle and prevent tumor formation.
43
What is the final result of meiosis II?
Four haploid daughter cells.
44
True or False: Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction.
True
45
What is the role of DNA replication in the cell cycle?
DNA replication ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.
46
Fill in the blank: During _____, the cell prepares for division.
G2 phase
47
What is the role of the nuclear envelope during mitosis?
The nuclear envelope breaks down to allow chromosome segregation.
48
What is anaphase II?
Anaphase II is the stage in meiosis where sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles.
49
What is the significance of the G1 phase?
The G1 phase is a period of cell growth and preparation for DNA synthesis.
50
What are gametes?
Gametes are reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that are produced through meiosis.
51
True or False: Cells spend most of their life in mitosis.
False
52
What happens during prophase of mitosis?
Chromosomes condense, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.
53
Fill in the blank: The phase of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated is called _____ phase.
S
54
What is the function of the centrosome during mitosis?
The centrosome organizes the microtubules of the spindle apparatus.
55
What occurs during metaphase I of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes line up at the cell equator.
56
What are sister chromatids?
Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere.
57
What is the primary outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number?
Reduction of chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
58
True or False: Mitosis is essential for growth and repair.
True
59
What happens during telophase I of meiosis?
Chromosomes gather at the poles and the nuclear envelope begins to reform.
60
Fill in the blank: The process by which cells become specialized is called _____
differentiation
61
What is the function of the cell cycle?
The cell cycle regulates cell growth, DNA replication, and cell division.
62
What is a diploid cell?
A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
63
What is the role of genetic recombination during meiosis?
Genetic recombination increases genetic diversity among offspring.
64
What is the end result of meiosis I?
Two haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes.
65
True or False: Spindle fibers are made of microtubules.
True
66
What is the role of the G2 checkpoint?
The G2 checkpoint ensures that DNA has been replicated correctly before cell division.
67
Fill in the blank: The two phases of meiosis are _____ and _____
Meiosis I and Meiosis II
68
What occurs during prophase II of meiosis?
Chromosomes condense, and the spindle apparatus forms again.
69
What is the significance of the S phase?
The S phase is crucial for DNA replication, ensuring genetic material is copied before division.
70
What is the role of histones?
Histones are proteins that help package and organize DNA into chromosomes.
71
What are the main differences between plant and animal cell cytokinesis?
Plant cells form a cell plate, while animal cells undergo cleavage furrow formation.
72
What is the purpose of the cell cycle?
The cell cycle regulates cell growth, DNA replication, and division.
73
True or False: Genetic variation is produced only in mitosis.
False
74
What occurs during anaphase I of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite poles.
75
Fill in the blank: The structure that forms during cell division to separate the two daughter cells is called _____
cell plate
76
What is the definition of a chromosome?
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.
77
What happens during G1 phase?
The cell grows and performs its normal functions.

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