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BIOSCI107 - 2021 > Cells and Tissues: Muscle and Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues: Muscle and Nerve Tissue Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

three types of muscle that make up ~50% of body tissue mass

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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2
Q

Skeletal muscle facts

A
  • appear stratified micro
  • ~650 named muscles
  • fibres/cells = cylindrical
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3
Q

Smallest muscle

A

Stapedius (stabilizes smallest bone - bells palsy hyperacusis
1.2mm

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4
Q

Longest muscle

A

Sartorius hip and knee flexor and lateral rotator

60cm

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5
Q

whats the point of skeletal muscle?

A
  • motion, posture, heat, protection
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6
Q

Striation cause

A

arrangement of myofibrils within the cells

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7
Q

Myofibrils are composed of two…

A

Myofilaments

  • thin filaments, actin, 8nm diam 1-2 long
  • thick filaments, myosin, 16nm diam 1-2 long
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8
Q

What are sarcomeres

A
  • basic functional unit of myofibril

- z discs (z lines) separate sarcomeres

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9
Q

where is epimysium

A

surrounding anatomical muscle

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10
Q

Where is Perimysium

A

around fascicles

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11
Q

where is endomysium

A

around muscle fibres (‘cell’) - layer for capillaries/nerves

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12
Q

where is sarcolemma

A

actual cell plasma membrane

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13
Q

where is sarcoplasm

A

cell cytoplasm

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14
Q

A band

A

Dark, middle part; contains all thick filaments

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15
Q

I band

A

thin filaments, no thick filaments

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16
Q

H zone

A

thick filaments, no thin filaments

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17
Q

M line

A

middle of sarcomere (holds thick filaments together)

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18
Q

Z disc

A

passes through center of I band (between sarcomeres) made up of actinins - link adjacent sarcomeres

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19
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

striated, branched, single central nucleas, fibres join end-to-end through intercalated discs

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20
Q

Intercalated discs contains (2 of)

A
  1. desmosomes (bind filaments) adhesion and contraction

2. Gap junctions (communication, coordinated)

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21
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

striated and branched, single cell nuclear, intercalated discs, involuntary, heart

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22
Q

smooth muscle (no striation) location

A

walls of hollow internal structures - intestines, blood vessel walls

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23
Q

smooth muscle shape and function - is it voluntary?

A
  • short, small, spindle-shaped

- Involuntary, non-striated, single central nucleus

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24
Q

Are skeletal muscles involuntary or voluntary

A

voluntary; sometimes not always - posture

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25
how does a skeletal muscle cell maintain its size?
- multinucleate (peripheral nuclei pushed to side)
26
description of skeletal muscle cells?
- long, striated cells that are attached to bones via tendons
27
smooth muscle (no striation) structure
- non-striated | - single central nucleas
28
smooth muscle (no striation) control?
- involentary
29
two nervous system subdivisions?
- central nervous system | - peripheral nervous system
30
where is the CNS
brain and spinal cord (and optic nerve)
31
where is the PNS
all nervous tissue outside
32
what does the sensory/afferent division do?
information to the CNS
33
what does the motor/efferent division do?
Information from the CNS to the organs (muscles and glands)
34
Nervous system helps to:
- maintain homeostasis - along with endocrine - initiates voluntary movements - responsible for perception, behaviour and memory
35
three main nervous system functions
- sensory - integrative - motor
36
sensory function
detects internal and external stimuli and transfer
37
integrative function
analysis and storing info
38
Motor function
stimulation of effectors - muscle and glands - through PNS i.e. motor here means "effector"
39
Nervous tissue two types of cells
Neurons (big nerve cells) and neuroglia (small, supportive cells)
40
neurons control type and length
- both conscious and unconscious control | - longest cells in the body - up to 1m
41
name 4 of the components of a neuron
- cell body - dendrites - axon
42
Dendrites location and function
- branched from cell body | - recieving input part of the neuron
43
axon location and function
- carries nerve impulse away from the neuron - output portion of neuron - long stick thingy
44
4 different neuron types
- Multipolar neurons - bipolar neurons - unipolar neuron - anaxonic neuron
45
three multipolar neurons fun facts
- most common neurons in CNS - all motor neurons (control skeletal muscles) are in this class - some of longest (spinal cord to toe muscles)
46
Bipolar Neurons structure and process
- has one dendritic process and one axon | - cell body between axon and dendrite
47
multipolar neurons structure
- have 2 or more dendrite and a single axon
48
bipolar neuron 2 facts
- rare and small (30μm) | - special sense organs (smell, sight, hearing) relay info receptor to neurons
49
Unipolar Neurons structure
- dendrites and axon are continuous | - cell body off to one side
50
Unipolar Neurons fun facts
- whole thing where dendrites converge called axon - most sensory nerves are unipolar - very long - like 1m motor nerves
51
anaxonic neuron function and location
- rare and function poorly understood | - found in brain and special sense organs
52
Anatomy of anaxonic neuron
anatomy cannot distinguish dendrites from axons
53
Neuroglia location and structure
- CNS and PNS - make up ~50% of CNS glue - more of them than neurons and smaller than neurons
54
can neuroglia propagate action potentials
- they cant propagate action potentials | - can communicate
55
5 functions of neuroglia
- physcial structure of nervous tissue - repair framework of nervous tissue - undertake phagocytosis nutrient supply to neurons - regulate interstitial fluid in neural tissue
56
four CNS Neuroglia types
1. astrocytes 2. oligodendrocytes 3. microglia 4. ependymal cells
57
Astrocytes structure
- star-shaped - largest - most numerous neuroglia - syncytium network
58
what do astrocytes use to communicate with neurons?
gilotransmitters e.g. glutamte
59
regulating ions are used to
maintain the environemnt around the neuron
60
why do astrocytes wrap around vessels and influence their permeability?
to maintain the blood-brain barrier via endothelium
61
Oligodendrocytes insulate via?
multilayered insulating sheath called a myelin sheath - a protective lipid layer) around CNS axon
62
can Oligodendrocytes myelinate more than one axon?
yes
63
microglia are....?
- phagocytic (resident macrophages) | - protection
64
what cells produce cerebrospinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
65
where are Ependymal cells found
- line CSF filled ventricles in brain - central canal of spinal cord - + other places CSF is found
66
what kind of cells does Ependymal cells have
- single layer, mainly cuboidal - have cilia (flow) - have microvilli (sampling)
67
Whats Ependymal cells function
CSF mechanical buffer; moves nutrients and waste
68
two types of Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglia
- schwann cells | - satellite cells
69
Schwann cells are the PNS version of what?
- PNS version of the CNS Oligodendrocyte
70
whats the point of schwann cells
- form insulating myelin sheath round axon | - can support or just surround several non-myelinated axons
71
how many axons for myelination vs support of axon
- One schwann cell per axon for myelination | - more cell/axon if just support
72
what do Satellite cells do?
- surround neuron cell bodies - support and fluid exchanges - equiv astrocytes in CNS

BIOSCI107 - 2021 (10 decks)

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