1. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. the living cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation 3. all cells arrise from preexisting cells

CSF: Intro to the cell Flashcards by Anna Reed

cell theory (3pts)

all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
the living cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation
all cells arrise from preexisting cells

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The central Dogma equation

DNA -> RNA -> PROTEIN

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what are 6 things prokaryote AND eukaryote cells have

Plasma membrane, cystol, DNA, RNA, protein and ribosomes

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Prokaryote nucleases are not…

membrane bound

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what are two things that make eukaryote different than pro?

organelles are membrane-bound

2. they are larger than prokaryote

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what is the cytoplasm/what does it contain

everything inside plasma membrane including organelles, not the nucleus though

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what is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm called and made up of

the cystol

water + dissolved and suspended substances - ions, ATP, proteins, lipids etc

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what is the function of the plasma membrane

its a physical barrier seperating the inside/outside of the cell

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whats the general function of the plasma membrane

double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins

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what does hydrophilic mean

loves water

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what does hydrophobic mean

hates water aka fats therefore, lipids in membrane provide a barrier to water

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what makes up the head of a phospholipid

a hydrophilic phosphate head (polar)

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what makes up the tail of a phospholipid

a hydrophobic lipid tail

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what word describes hydrophilic and hydrophobic sections in plasma membrane proteins

amphipathic

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describe intergral proteins

imbedded - partially or fully - into the membrane

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what are transmembrane proteins

fulls span the entire membrane

- contact extracellular and cytoplasmic areas

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What are peripheral membrane proteins

associated with the membrane but not actually embedded in it

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what do TRANSPORT plasma membrane proteins do?

channels, transporters may be general or selective, gated or not

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what do ENZYMES plasma membrane proteins do?

carry out chemical reaction, possibly part of enzyme team

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what do SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION plasma membrane proteins do?

external signalling molecule

- transduction of info to cell inside

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what do CELL-CELL RECOGNITION plasma membrane proteins do?

glycoproteins as molecular signatures on the extracellular side of cell

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what do INTERCELLULAR plasma membrane proteins do?

e.g gap junctions or tight junctions

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what do Attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM plasma membrane proteins do?

fibroconectin helps contact between cell surface integrins and ECM (e.g. collagen)
can facilitate movement

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whats the best model to describe plasma membrane

fluid mosaic model

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Whats the nucleus enclosed in

double lipid layer nuclear envelope, continuous with rough ER

how does shit get in and out of the nucleus

through nuclear pores

what happens in the nucleolus

- rRNA production | - assembly of small and large subunits of ribosomes

Three functions of DNA and its pores

- house/protect DNA - make RNA & assemble ribosomes - pores regulate substance movement in and out

whats so great about molecule segregation?

- molecule segregation to allow temporal and spatial control of cell function

what does DNA code for?

our phenotype

What proteins is DNA wrapped around to pack is densely

it wraps twice around a group of 8 histones

when DNA wraps twice around a group of 8 histones what is this called

it forms nucleosomes or chromatin

what does chromatin condense down to to become a chromosome?

Chromatin fiber condenses further into loops to become a chromosome.

Chomosome idea

comprised of many genes

gene idea

a DNA segment that contributes to phenotype/function

Humans are diploid, what does this mean?

2N = 46 - 23 pairs of choromosomes, (1 from each parent - 22 autosomes - 2 sex chromosomes

how far does DNA stretch out to

2 meters

accessibility is determined by what

extent of coiling

ribosome structure

2 subunits, burger - top big bottom small, made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in protein complex

where is Rrna made

nucleolus

how does rRNA get made/leave nucleus

subunits assemble in nucleolus, leave through nuclear pores

function of ribosomes (protein)

- protein production (translation)

function of ribosomes (free))

making proteins to be used in cystol (non-endomembrane destinations)

function of ribosomes (RER)

making non-cytosolic proteins/endomembrane

what is the ER

extensive network of tubes and tubules - stretches out from nuclear membrane

two types of ER

smooth ER and rough ER

RER description

continuous with nuclear envelope dotted with attached ribosomes

how do proteins and ER get folded?

proteins enter lumen within ER for folding

3 major functions of RER

production of proteins: - secreted - membrane - organelle

how does RER send things to golgi

RER membrane surrounds protein to form transport vesicles destined for golgi

smooth ER location

extends from rough ER

does the smooth ER have ribosomes?

no, it doesnt make proteins

three major function of smooth ER

- housing unit for proteins and enzymes - synthesizes lipids - steroids and phospholipids - storage of cell-specific proteins, not all cells make all proteins

are the smooth ER functions the same for every cell?

no, very cell/tissue specific

what does the smooth ER do in the liver?

houses enzymes for detoxification and for glucous release

what does the smooth ER do in the muscles?

calcium ions

what is a colloquial term for the golgi apparatus

the 'warehouse'

how many sacs is the golgi made of and what are they called? (golgi description)

3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae stacked on top of one another

functions of golgi

- modify, sort, package and transport proteins from RER vis enzymes in cisternae

golgi assists in the formation of

- secretory vesicles - membrane vesicles - transport vesicles

secretory vesicles golgi used for

proteins for exocytosis

membrane vesicles golgi used for

PM molecules

transport vesicles golgi used for

molecules to lysosome

two golgi faces and uses of those faces

cis face - receiving side closer to ER | trans face - shipping side further from ER

each sac or cisternae contains what?

enzymes of different functions

protein movement in golgi 1

-proteins move from cis to trans (sac to sac)

protein movement in golgi 2

- mature at exit cisternae

protein movement in golgi 3

- travel to destination

what occurs in each golgi sac?

modifications - formation of glycoproteins, glycolipids and lipoproteins

lysosome contain

powerful digestive enzymes

are lysosomes acidic or basic?

highly acidic, pump H+ to maintain acidic pH

main function of lysosomes is digestion of:

- substances that enter a cell - cell components e.g. organelles - autography - entire cells - autolysis

cell components e.g. organelles name

autography

entire cells name

autolysis

mitochondria main function:

generation of ATP through cellular respiration

three things mitochondria are made up of

- outer mitochondrial membrane - inner mitochondrial membrane - fluid filled interior cavity the mitochondrial matrix

why do cells have more ATP

when a cell requires more energy itll have more ATP

what *special* thing does mitochondria carry

separate small (37 gene) genome encoding mitochondria specific products

what is ATP

adenosine triphosphate - our energy currency

how do we get energy in terms of product transfer

one phosphate transfers to another molecule and provides energy

Cytoskeleton idea

structural support system of the cell

three fibres in cytoskeleton

- microfilmanets - intermediate filaments - microtubules

smallest cytoskeleton fiber

microfibers

medium cytoskeleton fibers

intermediate filaments

largest cytoskeleton fibres

microtubules

cytoskeleton fibres and filamentss help maintain what of the cell

size, shape and integrity of cell

two main cytoskeleton jobs

- act as scaffolding across the cell | - involved in intracellular transportation and cell movement

microfilament diameter

7nm

what are microfilaments comprised of

actin molecules - 2 long chains twisted

where are microfilaments found

periphery of interior of cell

function of microfilaments

- anchor cytoskeleton to plasma membrane proteins | - promote amoeboid mobility

Intermediate filaments diameter

8-12nm

intermediate filaments composition

keratin

intermediate filament location

cytoplasm

which is the most permanent cytoskeleton

intermediate

function of intermediate filmants

- scaffold for cellular organs i.e. nucleus | - bear tension and weight

microtubules diameter

25nm

microtubules composition

tubulin dimers (alpha and beta) coiled to form a tube

4 functions of microtubules

- support cell type - guide for organelle movement - chromosome organisation - cell division - support and movement of cillia/flagella

are microfilaments dynamic?

yes they are dynamic - assemble and dissemble as required

are microtubules dynamic?

yes they are dynamic - assemble and dissemble as required

CSF: Intro to the cell Flashcards

(101 cards)