CSF: recap

Question 1

Size and general purpose of the Nucleus

Answer 1

• the largest distinct structure inside the cell
• house and protect DNA (euk)
• RNA and ribosome production

Question 2

How does the nucleus regulate movement

Answer 2

via the pores

Question 3

the nucleus and molecules

Answer 3

molecule segregation to allow temporal and spatial control

Question 4

what affects DNA accessibility

Answer 4

the extent of coiling

Question 5

Ribosome function

Answer 5

protein production (translation)

Question 6

where is the ribosome found

Answer 6

free, making proteins in the cytosol OR

attached to ER - making secreted membrane or organelle proteins

Question 7

do ribosomes have a membrane?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

where does translation occur?

Answer 8

the ribosome

Question 9

Rough ER structure

Answer 9

continuous with the nuclear envelope, dotted with attached ribosomes

Question 10

what 3 things do the rough ER help with the production of?

Answer 10

• secreted proteins
• membrane proteins
• organelle proteins

Question 11

smooth ER structure

Answer 11

• extends from the RER

- lack ribosomes - doesn’t make proteins

Question 12

smooth ER function

Answer 12

synthesizes lipids and steroids, storage of cell-specific proteins

Question 13

Golgi function

Answer 13

• modify, sort, package and transport proteins from RER

Question 14

what happens to proteins in the golgi

Answer 14

enzymes modify them in each cisternae

Question 15

Lysosomes function to digest three things

Answer 15

• substances that enter a cell
• cell components e.g. organelles - autophagy
• entire cells autolysis

Question 16

mitochondria functions

Answer 16

generation of ATP through cellular respiration

Question 17

Cytoskeleton is

Answer 17

structural support of the cell

Question 18

three types of cytoskeleton fibres

Answer 18

• microfilaments
• intermediate filaments
• microtubules

Question 19

Microfilament composition

Answer 19

7nm, Actin

Question 20

Intermediate filaments composition

Answer 20

10nm, Keratin

Question 21

microtubules composition

Answer 21

25nm, Tubulin

Question 22

transcription

Answer 22

from RNA to DNA

Question 23

processing

Answer 23

of the pre-mRNA transcript

Question 24

Translation

Answer 24

of the mRNA transcript to a protein

Question 25

SRP

Answer 25

signal recognition particle

Question 26

Signal peptide

Answer 26

at N terminus of the protein (~20aa)

Question 27

where does translation commence

Answer 27

on free ribosomes for ALL proteins

Question 28

endomembrane system

Answer 28

RER, golgi, vesicles, membrane

Question 29

what happens to proteins

Answer 29

will be secreted or will form parts of the membrane

Question 30

DNA sequence determines

Answer 30

protein sequence

Question 31

protein sequence determines

Answer 31

its structure and function

Question 32

DNA mutations can affect

Answer 32

the ability of the protein to function

Question 33

how do cells communicate?

Answer 33

cells respond to signals from other cells and from the environment

Question 34

what stage and how many proteins are activated

Answer 34

during transduction multiple proteins are activated, usually via phosphorylation

Question 35

receptors are

Answer 35

specific

Question 36

what determines function

Answer 36

conformational changes

Question 37

how are signals relayed in signal transduction

Answer 37

signals relayed from receptors to target molecules within the cell via a 'cascade' of molecular interactions

Question 38

mitosis is

Answer 38

somatic cell division (2n>>>>2n)

Question 39

purpose of mitosis is

Answer 39

growth and development

Question 40

result of mitosis

Answer 40

two daughter cells that are genetically identical to parent cells

Question 41

MPF does what

Answer 41

phosphorylates many other proteins allowing mitosis to commence

Question 42

what happens if the cell cycle is uncontrolled?

Answer 42

CANCER

Question 43

no brakes =

Answer 43

deactivation of tumour suppressor genes

Question 44

over accelerators =

Answer 44

over-activation of proto-oncogenes

Question 45

how many mutations typically form a malignant tumour

Answer 45

5 :)