1
Q
Why do cells structures vary?
A
They’re specialised to carry out a particular function
2
Q
What is an example of this? (Blood cells)
A
Red blood cells are specialised for carrying oxygen and white bloods cells are specialised for defending the body against disease
3
Q
What is the shape of a red blood cell?
A
set bioconcave
4
Q
What is the shape of a white blood cell?
A
No set shape
CGP GCSE Biology
flashcards
Decks in class (226)
# Cards
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
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Characteristics of Living Organisms9
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Organelles in typical animal cell10
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Organelles in typical plant cell4
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Cells are Specialised4
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Similar Cells are Organised into Tissues5
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Tissues are Organised into Organs3
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Organs Make Up Organ Systems3
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Plants4
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Animals6
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Fungi7
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Protoctists4
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Bacteria6
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Viruses7
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Some Organisms Are Pathogens2
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Enzymes Are Catalysts Produced by Living Things10
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Enzymes are Very Specific6
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Enzymes Like it Warm but Not Too Hot9
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You Can Measure a How Fast a Product Appears4
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... Or How Fast a Substrate Disappears5
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Enzymes Also Need the Right pH6
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Don’t be Put Off by the Fancy Word5
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Cell Membranes are Pretty Clever9
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Osmosis is a Special Case of Diffusion7
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Water Moves Into and Out of Cells by Osmosis9
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Plants Are Supported by Turgid Cells7
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You Can Investigate Diffusion in a Non-Living Syste,6
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Investigate Osmosis in Living System5
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Investigate Osmosis in Non-Living Systems7
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Active Transport is the Opposite of Diffusion6
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Three Main Factors Affect The Movement of Substances7
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Responding to their Environment Helps Organisms Survive4
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Receptors Detect Stimuli and Effectors Produce a Response8
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The Central Nervous Systems (CNS) Coordinates Information8
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Reflexes Help Prevent Injury4
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The Reflex Arc Goes Through the CNS9
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Learn the Eye9
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In Clockwise order list all the labels of the Eye11
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The Iris Reflex - Adjusting for Bright Light3
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Focusing on Near and Distant Objects - Another Reflex3
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Long-sighted people3
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Short-sighted people3
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Hormones are Chemical Messengers Sent in the Blood6
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Key Hormones and Their Roles in the Body18
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Hormones and Nerves Do Similar Jobs, but There Are Differences5
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Homeostasis - it’s all about Balance5
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Water Is Lost from the Body in Various Ways5
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Body Temp is Kept at About 37 °C5
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Skin Plays an Important Role in Maintaining Body Temperature2
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Smaller Organisms Can Cool Down Quicker6
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Plants Need to Respond to Stimuli too6
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Auxins are Plant Growth Hormomes6
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Auxins Change the Direction of Root and Shoot Growth9
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Carbohydrates are Made Up of Simple Sugars3
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Proteins are Made Up of Amino Acids3
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Lipids are Made Up of Fatty Acids and Glycerol3
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You Can Test for Glucose Using Benedict’s Reagent7
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Use the Iodine Test for Starch2
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You Need to Eat Different Foods to Get Different Nutrients20
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A Balanced Diet Supplies All Your Essential Nutrients3
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Energy Requirements Vary in Different People5
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Food Can be Burnt to See How Much Energy it Contains1
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First You Need a Dry Food, Water and a Flame6
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Calculate the Amount of Energy in Joules3
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Calculate the Amount of Energy in Joules per Gram4
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The Accuracy of the Experiment Can be Increased3
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Digestive Enzymes Break Down Big Molecules into Smaller Ones11
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Bile Neutralises the Stomach Acid and Emulsifies Fats9
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Your Alimentary Canal Runs Through Your Body14
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Food is Moved Through the Gut by Peristalsis4
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Ingestion1
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Digestion5
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Absorption3
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Assimilation3
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Egestion3
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Villi in the Small Intestine Help with Absorption7
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Photosynthesis Produces Glucose Using Sunlight9
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Leaves are Designed for Making Food by Photosynthesis4
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Leaves are Adapted for Efficient Photosynthesis8
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The Limiting Factor Depends on the Conditions5
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Not Enough LIGHT Slows Down the Rate of Photosynthesis3
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Too Little CARBON DIOXIDE Also Slows it Down5
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The TEMPERATURE Has to be Just Right4
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You Need to Know How to Test a Leaf for Starch8
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Chlorophyll - Starch Test6
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CO2 - Starch Test4
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The Starch Test Shows Whether Photosynthesis is Taking Place5
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Oxygen Production Shows the Rate of Photosynthesis10
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Plants Need Three Main Mineral Ions For Growth3
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Nitrates3
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Phosphates2
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Potassium2
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Magnesium is Also Needed in Small Amounts2
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Multicellular Organisms Need Transport Systems7
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Plants Have Two Main Transport Systems7
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Root Hairs Take In Water5
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Transpiration is the Loss of Water from the Plant8
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Transpiration Rate is Affected by Four Main Things14
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A Potometer can be Used to Estimate Transpiration Rate12
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You Can See How Environmental Conditions Affect Transpiration Rates10
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Respiration is NOT ‘Breathing In and Out’4
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Aerobic Respiration Needs Plenty of Oxygen5
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Anaerobic Respiration Doesn’t Use Oxygen At All7
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Anaerobic Respiration in Plants is Slightly Different3
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Carbon a Dioxide Production can be Detected using an Indicator10
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The Heat Produced by Respiration can be Measured6
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Plants Exchange Gases By Diffusion6
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The Next Exchange of Gases Depends on Light Intensity6
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Leaves are Adapted for Efficient Gas Exchange7
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Hydrogen-carbonate Indicator Shows Changes in CO2 Conc3
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...So You Can Use it to Show Differences in Net Gas Exchange un Plants5
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And The Results are in...4
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The Lungs Are in the Thorax9
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Breathing In...4
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...and Breathing Out4
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You Can Investigate the Effect of Exercsie no Breathing Rate5
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Alveoli Carry Out Gas Exchange in the Body6
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Alveoli are Specialised for Gas Exchange5
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Smoking Tobacco Can Cause Quite a Few Problems9
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Blood has Four Main Components1
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Plasma is the Liquid Bit of Blood7
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Platelets are Small Fragments of Cells that Help Blood Clot4
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Red Blood Cells Have the Job of Carrying Oxygen4
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Your Immune System Deals with Pathogens4
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Phagocytes Ingest Pathogens3
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Lymphocytes Produce Antibodies7
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Vaccination - Protects from Future Infections5
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Blood Vessels are Designed for Their Function4
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Arteries Carry Blood Under Pressure4
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Capillaries are a Really Small8
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Veins Take Blood Back to the Heart5
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Parts of the Heart7
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Labels of Heart in Clockwise Order12
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Exercise Increases Heart Rate6
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The Hormonal System Also Helps to Control Heart Rate4
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Labels of Circulation System in Clockwise Order11
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You Need to Know the Structure of the Circulation System6
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The Kidneys are Excretion Organs7
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Ultrafiltration5
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Reabsorption5
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Release of wastes4
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The Kidneys Also Adjust the Body’s Water Content4
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ADH Helps to Control Water Content6
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Genes are Chemical Instructions5
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DNA is a Double Helix6
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Asexual Reproduction Involves Mitosis7
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Mitosis Produces Genetically Identical Cells10
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Mitosis Also Makes New Cells for Growth and Repair3
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Sexual Reproduction Produces Genetically Different Cells11
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Gametes are Produced by Meiosis14
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The Stamen is the Male Reproductive Part - Flower5
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The Carpel is the Female Reproductive Part - Flower5
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Some Plants are Adapted for Insect Pollination4
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Pollination4
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Other Plants are Adapted for Wind Pollination5
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Fertilisation is the Fusion of Gametes7
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Germination is when Seeds Start to Grow8
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Germinating Seeds get Energy from Food Stores3
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Plants Can Reproduce Asexuality Using Natural Methods7
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... or We Can Clone Them Using Artificial Methods3
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The Male Reproductive System Makes Sperm12
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The Female Reproductive System Makes Ova (Eggs)14
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Hormones Promote Sexual Characteristics at Puberty5
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The Menstrual Cycle has Four Stages4
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Oestrogen and Progesterone Control the Menstrual Cycle4
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The Embryo Develops During Pregnancy7
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Alleles are Different Versions of the Same Gene12
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Genetic Diagrams show the Possible Alleles in the a Offspring8
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There’s Another Way to Draw Genetic Diagrams3
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You Can Draw Genetic Diagrams for Codominant Inheritance too2
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You Need to Understand Family Pedigrees8
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Your Chromosomes Control Whether You’re Male or Female9
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There’s an Equal Chance of Having a Boy or a Girl...3
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Genetic Variation is Caused by Genes3
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Most Variation in Animals is Due to Genes AND Environment9
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Environmental Variation in Plants is Much Greater3
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Make Sure You Know the Theory of Evolution3
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Natural Selection Means the ‘Survival of the Fittest’8
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The Best Genes for a Particular Environment Tend to Survive4
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Mutations are Changes to the Genetic Code13
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Bacteria can Evolve and Become Antibiotic-Resistant8
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You Need to Learn Some Definitions to get you started4
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You Can Estimate Population Sizes in Different Areas Using a Quadrat5
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Two Important Points About This Kind of Counting Method4
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You Can Use Quadrats to Investigate the Distribution of Organisms too4
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Food Chains Show What’s Eaten by What in an Ecosystem8
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You Need to Understand Pyramids of Numbers5
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You Have to Understand Pyramids of Biomass too4
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Pyramids of Energy Transfer Are Always Pyramid-Shaped2
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Energy is Transferred Along a Food Chain10
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Food Webs Show How Food Chains are Linked8
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The Water Cycle Means Water is Endlessly Recycled8
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The Carbon Cycle Shows How Carbon is Recycled11
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Nitrogen is Also Recycled in the Nitrogen Cycle15
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Carbon Monoxide is Poisonous6
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Acid Rain is Caused by Sulfur Dioxide5
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Acid Rain Kills Fish and Trees5
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Greenhouse Gases Trap Heat from the Sun9
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Human Activity Produces Lots of Greenhouse Gases10
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Fertilisers can Leach into Water and Cause Eutrophication12
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Deforestation Affects the Soil, Water Cycle and Carbon Cycle15
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You Can Artificially Create the Ideal Conditions for Photosynthesis9
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Fertilisers Are Used to Ensure the Crops Have Enough Nutrients5
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Pest Control Stops Pests Eating Crops12
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Bacteria Ferment Milk to Produce Yoghurt11
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Microorganisms are Grown in Fermenters15
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We Use Yeast for Brewing Beer18
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The Respiration Rate of Yeast Depends on Its Conditions8
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Selective Breeding is Mating the Best Organisms to Get Good Offspring6
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Selective Breeding is Very Useful4
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Fish Can be Farmed In Cages In The Sea11
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Fish Can Be Farmed In Tanks Too7
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Enzymes Can Be Used To Cut Up DNA or Join DNA Pieces Together3
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Vectors Can Be Used to Insert DNA Into Other Organisms13
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Genetically Modified Plants Can Improve Food Production7
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Micro propagation is Used to Clone Plants9
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Cloning an Adult Mammal is Done by Transplanting a Cell Nucleus6
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There Are Advantages and Disadvantages to Cloning5
