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Neural Processes > Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Molecules

A

two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

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2
Q

4 families of molecules

A
  • simple sugars
  • fatty acids
  • amino acids
  • nucleotides
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3
Q

Neurons

A

responsible for sending and receiving neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Classification of neurons

A
  • shapes/number of appendages
  • function (afferent/efferent)
  • direction of action potential
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5
Q

afferent communication

A

Sensory signals from PNS to CNS
bottom-up
from body to brain

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6
Q

efferent communication

A

Motor signals from CNS to PNS
top-down
from brain to body

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7
Q

Motor/Efferent Neurons

A

from the CNS to PNS
- final neurons in action sequence
- 2 types are alpha and gamma

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8
Q

Afferent/Sensory

A

from sensory receptors in body towards the CNS
- first neurons in sensory sequence
- “arriving”

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

transmit impulses between other neurons
- determine place & time of response

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10
Q

Components of neuron (also study diagram)

A
  • cell body/soma with nucleus
  • axon
  • axon terminal
  • dendrite
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11
Q

Cell body (SOMA)

A
  • contains genetic info
  • maintains neuron integrity/structure
  • regulates production of proteins/lipids
  • holds nucleus
  • ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria
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12
Q

Axon

A
  • long, thin, spindly (susceptible to damage)
  • action potentials generated here
  • covered in myelin
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13
Q

Axon Region includes

A

Axon Hillocks
Axon telodendria
Axon terminals

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14
Q

Axon Hillocks (initial segment)

A

the ‘manager’ summing total inhibitory/excitatory signals to determine if action potentials release

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15
Q

Axon telodendria

A

end branches of an axon

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16
Q

Axon terminals

A

swollen end of telodendra, transmits message to other cells via neurotransmitters

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17
Q

Dendrites

A
  • receives data from other neurons
  • collects/stores incoming info from axon terminals
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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

jelly like fluid found within cell body - but outside the nucleolus
- function in transport
- maintain cell shape
- protect/host metabolic process

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19
Q

Similarities of Neurons to other cells

A
  • membrane
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm, mitochondria, organelles
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20
Q

Differences of Neurons to other cells

A
  • specialized projections
  • communicate with each other thru electrochemical process
  • can be long (several feet)
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21
Q

2 phases of communication

A

Electrical and Chemical

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22
Q

Electrical phase

A

dendrites and axons

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23
Q

Chemical phase

Study These Flashcards
A

neurotransmitters and synaptic cleft

24
Q

Impulses of neurons

Study These Flashcards
A

Electric currents/action potentials
- excitatory (go)
- inhibitory (no go)

25
Synapses
tiny gaps where specialized parts of 2 neurons allow for chemical communication - electric signals within neuron - chemical signals between neurons
26
Neuronal Communication
presynaptic neuron sends the info postsynaptic neuron receives info
27
Action potential
created electrical signal during neuronal communication - triggers release of neurotransmitter - chemical moves into synaptic cleft
28
Neurotransmitter binds to..
receptor on postsynaptic neuron, causes ion channels to open
29
Opening of ion channels allows
charged particles to cross membrane of that neuron causing electrical charge to form in postsynaptic neuron
30
Polarization
different electrical charges inside vs. outside of neurons - inside (at rest) about -65 aka resting membrane potential - outside is neutral (zero)
31
Hyper polarized
- resting membrane potential becomes more negative - less likely to generate/send a signal
32
Depolarized
- resting membrane potential becomes better heading toward positive (still negative numbers) - more likely to generate/send signal
33
Two different gradients of membrane potential
1. Electrical gradient 2. ion concentration
34
Electrical gradient
ions want to decrease their concentration gradients - positives move towards negatives to make the 'area' more positive
35
Ion concentration
move down concentration gradient from high to low
36
3 ions to understand
Sodium (Na+) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca2+) Inside cell more K Outside cell more Na and Ca
37
Passive transport
When ion channels open, ions move freely based on their tendency for concentration gradient
38
Ionotropic (Ligand-gated)
opens in response to neurotransmitters, binds to receptor in CNS & PNS
39
Mechanically gated
opens to mechanical displacement of cell membrane
40
Voltage gated
opens when electrical charge reaches threshold
41
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
neurotransmitter opens sodium channel, sodium moves into neuron - potential to cause depolarization
42
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential
neurotransmitter opens potassium channel, potassium moves out of neuron - beings to hyperpolarize
43
Battle between EPSP and IPSP
summation: if enough Na+ channels are opened and threshold reached -50, action potential is created, signal sent down axon - if threshold not met, neuron doesn't fire
44
Exocytosis
- release from presynaptic neuron axon terminals - neurotransmitter spills into synaptic cleft and binds to receptors of postsynaptic neuron - either inhibitory or excitatory
45
Resting potential
electrical difference between inside and outside membrane when neuron is not excited
46
Action potential
rapid rise (depolarization) in potential follows by return to resting state
47
graded potential
localized, small depolarizations could AP if meet threshold
48
Saltatory conduction
rapid method where nerve impulses move down myelinated axon - exception occurs at nodes of ranvier - jumping of current from node to node - nodes contain Na&K channels - myelin allows rapid movement of signal
49
What happens at the synapse
- action potential reaches bouton terminal - release of chemical transmitter substance from synaptic vesicles - causes next neuron to change charge
50
Intellectual Disability
formerly known as mental retard. - IQ under 70 - occurs before 18 - substantial limitations in funciton - dendritic spine differences (long, thin)
51
Brain tumors
Benign (non-cancer) 44% Malignant (cancer) 56% origin is primary brain tumors or metastatic brain tumors
52
Types of malignant brain tumors
Neuromas (neurons) Gliomas (glial cells) - astrocytoma - oligodendroglioma - schwannoma
53
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Lou Gehrig's Disease - Motor neuron disorder (MND) - Withering of upper & lower M.N - onset 40-60 y/o no cure
54
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
"multiple scarring" - Autoimmune disorder (unkown) - Myelin around axon is damages No cure
55
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
"grave muscle weakness" - Neurological disease of neuromuscular junction - Affects women in 30s men in 50s - Weakness and fatigue NO CURE
56
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
- rapid, progressive demyelinating PNS - most common is autoimmune - progressive paralysis then recover - most experience complete recovery No cure

Neural Processes (14 decks)

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