Intro to Neurology

Question 1

What is neurology?

Answer 1

The study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system

Question 2

Anatomy

Answer 2

study of structure

Question 3

Neuroanatomy

Answer 3

study of the nervous systems structure

Question 4

physiology

Answer 4

study of function

Question 5

neurophysiology

Answer 5

study of the nervous systems function

Question 6

pathology

Answer 6

study of diseases

Question 7

neuropathology

Answer 7

study of nervous system diseases

Question 8

Central nervous system

Answer 8

• brain
• spinal cord

Question 9

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 9

• nerves (spinal and cranial)

Question 10

5 needs for neurological training:

Answer 10

1. Speaks language of neurologist (better communication)
2. Chooses appropriate test instruments
3. Neurological etiologies help predict problems
4. SLP document change/efficacy of treatments
5. Knowledge of neuroplasticity to plan treatment

Question 11

incidence

Answer 11

NEW cases

Question 12

prevalence

Answer 12

TOTAL cases (new+existing)

Question 13

Theoretical Perspectives
How does the brain work?

Answer 13

LEFT MOST (bits and pieces)
- Radical Localists
- Localists
- Connectionists
- Holists
RIGHT MOST (as a whole)

Question 14

Structural imaging

Answer 14

viewing anatomy of the brain

Question 15

Functional imaging

Answer 15

viewing physiology of the brain

Question 16

Structural Imaging: CT
Computed/Computerized Technology

Answer 16

• x-ray beams reflect off the body’s tissue
• more reflection with dense tissues (like bones)
• 2D image (can render to 3D)

Question 17

PROs of CT

Answer 17

• common
• easily accessible
• inexpensive
• quick processing time

Question 18

CONs of CT

Answer 18

• use of x-ray
• structure only
• clarity of images
• difficulty observing new damage

Question 19

Structural Imaging: MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Answer 19

• magnetic current applied to body, flips protons in water molecules
• image formed from 3 planes (3D)

Question 20

PROs of MRI

Answer 20

• better images
• images in multi-dimensions
• no x-rays
• no preparation

Question 21

CONs of MRI

Answer 21

• more expensive
• patients with metal in body
• patients must be still
• claustrophobia struggles

Question 22

Angiography

Answer 22

imaging structure of vascular system (x-rays used)

Question 23

PROs of angiography

Answer 23

• excellent images
• assess + treat in same session

Question 24

CONs of angiography

Answer 24

• invase
• risk of bleeding, clotting, bruising, swelling
• x-ray/radiation

Question 25

Spatial resolution

Answer 25

location of brain activity when a stimulus is introduced

Question 26

Temporal resolution

Answer 26

time between stimulus presented and brains response to that stimulus

Question 27

Functional Imaging: PET Positron Emission Tomography

Answer 27

- image based on glucose metabolism in brain - uses radioisotope - emitted radiation is detected & image is formed from it

Question 28

underlying logic of PET

Answer 28

active brain areas need more energy

Question 29

PROs of PET

Answer 29

good image of location of brain activity

Question 30

CONs of PET

Answer 30

- invasive - radioactive material used - more expensive

Question 31

Functional Imaging: EEG & MEG Electrophysiology Magneto-physiology

Answer 31

- shows electrical responses to particular stimulus - stimuli can be presented in any modality (visual, auditory, somatosensory, olfactory)

Question 32

PROs of EEG/MEG

Answer 32

- low cost - readily available - good info on brain function

Question 33

CONs of EEG/MEG

Answer 33

- image quality

Question 34

Structural+Functional imaging: fMRI functional magnetic resonance imag.

Answer 34

- blood oxygenation in brain during intro of stimulus - no contrast needed

Question 35

PROs of fMRI

Answer 35

- can see structure & function - safe

Question 36

CONs of fMRI

Answer 36

- expensive - not widespread

Question 37

CAUTIONS for neuro-imaging

Answer 37

- tempted to correlate every thought or action with specific area of the brain that may light up in an image - if an area lights up -- does not mean its the only area responsible for a function