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Neural Processes > Spinal cord, Brainstem, Cerebellum > Flashcards

Spinal cord, Brainstem, Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of spinal cord

A

Means for communication from brain to body & from body to brain

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2
Q

Three layers of meninges

A
  • pia mater
  • arachnoid
  • dura mater
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3
Q

Pia mater

A

inner

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4
Q

arachnoid

A

web-like, filled cerebral spinal fluid

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5
Q

dura mater

A

tough, outside layer

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6
Q

Spinal cord form (5 sections)

A
  • Cervical (neck)
  • Thoracic (chest)
  • Lumbar (lower back)
  • Sacral (pelvis)
  • Coccygeal (tailbone)
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7
Q

Information superhighway conveys ..

A

Motor (efferent) and Sensory (afferent) info between brain and body

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8
Q

Spinal nerves emerge from

A

spinal cord, innervate parts of neck and BELOW the neck

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9
Q

4 fiber types

A
  1. General Somatic Efferent
  2. General Visceral Efferent
  3. General Somatic Afferent
  4. General Visceral Afferent
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10
Q

General Somatic Efferent (GSE) Fibers

A

to skeletal muscles

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11
Q

General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Fibers

A

to smooth muscle, heart, glands

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12
Q

General Somatic Afferent (GSA) Fibers

A

from skin

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13
Q

General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Fibers

A

from lungs and digestive tract

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14
Q

Funiculi

A

Each white matter region contains multiple tracts or fasciculi

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15
Q

Fasciculi

A

carries info up and down spinal column

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16
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A
  • collection neuronal cells
  • signals to CNS from PNS (afferent)
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17
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

part of spinal nerve after the nerve exits intervertebral foramen

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18
Q

Upper Motor Neuron

A
  • originates in brain
  • send signals down spinal cord
  • “COMMANDS” movement

in CNS

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19
Q

Damage to UMN

A

typically spasticity and hyperflexia
(spastic muscle and flexes too much)

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20
Q

Lower Motor Neuron

A
  • originates in spinal cord
  • control muscles by sending signals on to the muscles and glands
  • “CARRIES OUT” the action

in PNS

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21
Q

Damage to LMN

A

flaccid paralysis, muscle atrophy, decreased reflexes

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22
Q

Descending Motor Tracts
BRAIN TO SPINAL CORD

A
  • lateral corticospinal
  • anterior corticospinal
  • rubrospinal
  • vestibulospinal
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23
Q

Ascending Sensory Tracts

A
  • Dorsal columns/somatosensory pathways
  • Ventral spinothalamic
  • Lateral spinothalamic
  • Ventral spinocerebellar
  • Dorsal spinocerebellar
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24
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A
  • originates in motor cortex
  • decussates (crosses over) at lower medulla
  • from cortex to brainstem
  • contralateral body movement
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25
Anterior/Ventral corticospinal tract
- originates in motor/premotor areas of frontal lobe - ipsilateral control of trunk muscles - smaller lateral cortical spinal tract
26
Rubrospinal tract
- originates in midbrain - decussates in ventral midbrain - inputs into ventral horn - modulates flexor tone in upper limbs/shoulder
27
Vestibulospinal tract
- originates in medulla - ipsilateral - inputs into ventral horn - controls extensor tone in limbs/neck
28
1st order neuron
directly receive info from periphery to spinal cord (carry sensory signals from receptors)
29
2nd order neuron
within spinal cord - may decussate- input to thalamus or brainstem
30
3rd order neuron
in thalamus, carry to specific areas of cerebral cortex
31
4th order neuron
in cerebral cortex, interpret signal
32
Dorsal Columns are also known as
- Somatosensory Pathways - Dorsal column medial lemniscus
33
Dorsal Columns
sensory receptors --> spinal cord decussates --> thalamus --> somatosensory cortex relay fine touch, pressure, proprioception
34
Ventral/Anterior spinothalamic tract
anterior part of spinal cord relays light/crude touch and pressure
35
Lateral spinothalamic tract
lateral part of spinal cord relay pain and temperature
36
Pathway of spinothalamic tract
from PNS --> spinal cord --> thalamus --> somatosensory cortex
37
Ventral spinocerebellar tract
ventral portion spinal cord --> dorsal horn --> decussates to cerebellum
38
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
dorsal portion spinal cord --> dorsal horn --> ipsilaterally to cerebellum
39
The spinocerebellar tracts provide..
proprioceptive information
40
Function of the spinal cord
relay efferent and afferent information between body & brain (also mediate reflexes)
41
reflexes
- controlled at level of spinal nerves and cord - signal goes to spinal cord and returns via reflex arc
42
Process of reflex
muscle stimulated --> muscle spindles detect stretch --> info sent thru sensory neurons to dorsal root (gray matter)--> info sent to interneurons --> motor message sent via ventral root then muscle contracts
43
Spinal Cord Injury
damage to spinal cord often thru traumatic causes - vehicular accidents - result in paresis/plegia
44
Paraplegia/Paraparesis
involves legs
45
Quadriplegia/Quadriparesis
involve arms and legs
46
Myelitis
Inflammation of spinal cord - caused by virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites and toxic agents - types include polio, Leuko, transverse
47
Poliomyelitis
affects gray matter (motor loss)
48
Leukomyelitis
affects white matter (sensory loss)
49
Transverse
affects both gray and white matter (motor and sensory loss)
50
Peripheral Neuropathy
inflammation of PNS - degeneration of spinal nerves (feet) - caused by untreated diabetes, toxins, infections, nutritional issues - leads to paresthesia or anesthesia
51
Paresthesia
abnormal sensation skin may feel tingling, burning, itching, numbness
52
Parts of the brainstem
Midbrain Pons Medulla
53
Brainstem functions
- regulating major life functions - mediate head/neck reflexes - regulate alterness and wakefulness
54
Medulla
- lowest part of brainstem - ventral to cerebellum - connects to cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle (little bridge) - contains descend. motor tracts & olive
55
Inferior olive nucleus
integrates signals from spinal cord to cerebellum, functions coordination
56
Medulla autonomic nerves system nuclei
cardiac, vasoconstrictor, gastrointestinal motility, respiratory, swallowing centers mediates reflexes: vomit, cough, gag, swallow
57
Pons
superior to medulla, inferior to midbrain, anterior to cerebellum - acts as bridge, relaying tracts cerebral cortex, cerebellum, lower structures medulla and spinal cord
58
Pons nuclei
regulate: respiration, swallowing, hearing, eye movement, facial movement, sensation -sup olivary nucleus & lateral lemniscus (important function in auditory info)
59
Midbrain
inferior to diencephalon, superior to pons - colliculus/tetum - tegmentum - peduncles
60
Colliculus/Tetum
contains inferior colliculus (auditory processing) superior colliculus (visual processing)
61
Tegmentum
dorsal part, spreads length brainstem - tracts/nuclei important motor control and sensory processing
62
Tegmentum NUCLEI
- substantia nigra (dopamine produced) - red nucleolus (coordination of move) - reticulum form (consciousness, sleep-wake cycle, cardiovascular, respiration) - periaqueductal gray matter (suppress pain)
63
Peduncles (Crus Cerebri)
ventral part (leg of brain) pair of fibers - connect brainstem to forebrain - main highway signals transported between cortex to part of CNS - important in coordination
64
Cerebellum
"little brain" - 2 hemispheres connected by vermis - 3 lobes (anterior, posterior, flocculonodular) gray matter: tightly folded, forms cerebral cortex (folia) white matter: beneath cerebellar cortex
65
Divisions of cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum spinocerebellum vestibulocerebellum
66
Cerebrocerebellum
largest division, involved in planning movements & motor learning (receives cerebral cortex to thalamus/red nucleus)
67
Spinocerebellum
vermis and intermediate zone error correction movement & proprioception
68
Vestibulocerebellum
input from vestibular system to vestibular nuclei controls balance and ocular reflexes
69
Cerebellum macroscopic anatomy
80% total neurons in brain Neuron arranged 3 layers
70
3 layers of cerebellum neurons
- molecular - purkinje (GABAergic cells inhibit cerebelluim) - granular
71
Cerebellar pathways
- vestibulocerebellar - vermal spinocerebellar - paravermal spinocerebellar - pontocerebellar
72
Motor function of cerebellum
Planning, monitoring, correction of motor movement using sensory feedback, coordinates fine motor activity, monitors head/body position, learning new motor skills
73
Linguistic function of cerebellum
perception of speech/lang, verbal working memory, verbal fluency, grammar processing, writing/reading
74
Cerebellar Damage Symptoms
dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia ataxia nystagmus intention tremor speech (slurred/ scanning) ataxic dysarthria hypotonia DANISH
75
Cerebellar Hemispheric Syndrome
damage in hemisphere cerebellum (stroke, tumor, MS)
76
Vermal syndromes
damage to vermis primarily effects trunk muscles

Neural Processes (14 decks)

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