Development of the Nervous System

Question 1

Genes reside in

Answer 1

the chromosomes

Question 2

Chromosomes reside in

Answer 2

nucleus of the cell

Question 3

Karotype

Answer 3

a person’s unique collection of chromosomes

Question 4

How many pairs of chromosomes?

Answer 4

23

Question 5

How many individual chromosomes?

Answer 5

46

Question 6

Diseases associated with chromosomes

Answer 6

Down syndrome
Turner syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Fragile X syndrome

Question 7

Types of cell division

Answer 7

Meiosis and Mitosis`

Question 8

Mitosis

Answer 8

cell duplicates all contents and splits
- 2 identical daughter cells
- critical controlled genes

(carbon copy of itself)

Question 9

If an identical copy of cell is not created during Mitosis..

Answer 9

this can cause cancer

Question 10

Meiosis

Answer 10

two step process with the goal being a correct number of chromosomes
- makes genetic differences

Question 11

Events during dorsal induction

Answer 11

neural tube formation
casual eminence development

Question 12

Events during ventral induction

Answer 12

prosencephalic development
cleavage
midline formation
neural proliferation
neuronal migration
cortical organization
myelination
cerebellar & brainstem development

Question 13

Dorsal Induction

Answer 13

Period when neural tube is formed, brain and spinal cord develop out of neural tube

Question 14

Neural tube defects

Answer 14

Failure of neural tube ends to close
- Encephalocele
- Anencephaly
- Spina Bifida

Question 15

Encephalocele

Answer 15

part of the brain protrudes from the skull

Question 16

Anencephaly

Answer 16

• brain development ceases @ the brainstem
• no cerebral hemispheres

Question 17

Spina bifida

Answer 17

cyst on back that may involve the spinal cord

Question 18

Ventral Induction

Answer 18

Period when face and brain develop out of superior end of neural tube

Question 19

Developmental Divisions

Answer 19

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Mentecephalon
Myelencephalon

Question 20

Telencephalon

Answer 20

• end of the brain, outer layer of cerebrum
• cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, olfactory bulbs

Question 21

Diencephalon

Answer 21

thru the brain
- relay station
- thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

Question 22

Mesencephalon

Answer 22

middle of the brain
- midbrain (front of brainstem)
- sensory, motor, vision, arousal, etc

Question 23

Mentecephalon

Answer 23

Hind brain
- pons, cerebellum

Question 24

Myelencephalon

Answer 24

Medulla
- connects brain to spinal column and vice versa

Question 25

Neural proliferation

Answer 25

- Neurogenesis (birth of new neurons) - new neurons become gray/white matter - born out of spinal cord & brainstem

Question 26

Interruptions in neural proliferation ..

Answer 26

may result in microcephaly where children have abnormally small heads/brains

Question 27

Neuronal Migration

Answer 27

neurons move in wavelike fashion to the correct position in cerebral hemispheres - chemical reeling signals them where to stop

Question 28

When does neuronal migration end

Answer 28

about 20 weeks GA and once it stops the 6 layers of cerebral cortex are established

Question 29

Cortical organization & Synapse formation

Answer 29

Once neurons are at their intended spot, they sprout dendrites and axons - synaptogenesis - synaptic pruning

Question 30

synaptogenesis

Answer 30

synapses begin to form between neurons

Question 31

synaptic pruning

Answer 31

eliminates unneeded connections

Question 32

Myelination

Answer 32

- neuron axons are coated with myelin - takes about a year after birth to reach its peak - infants gain greater control of their body & communicate verbally

Question 33

Failure during myelination

Answer 33

hypomyelination: reduced ability to form myelin and can lead to intellectual disability

Question 34

Adolescent brain

Answer 34

- profound brain development that is not complete until age 25 - includes synaptic pruning and thinning of gray matter - very plastic - explains behavior

Question 35

During adolescence teens rely on..

Answer 35

feelings/impulses more than logic/planning - age 10-11 for girls - age 11-12 for boys

Question 36

Aging and the brain

Answer 36

- lose neural circuits - lose plasticity - cortex thins due to dendrite thinning - neurotransmitter levels & receptor sites decrease ^ can lead to loss of memory, attn, learning, language