The Cerebrum: Cerebral Function

Question 1

Frontal Lobe Areas

Answer 1

• prefrontal cortex
• frontal eye fields
• Broca’s area
• premotor cortex
• primary motor cortex

Question 2

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 2

(Frontal)
involved with:
cognition
executive control
decision making
personality
social behavior

Question 3

Prefrontal cortex damage

Answer 3

Depressive or Manic profiles
(mutism vs. confabulation)
(Hyposexuality vs. Hypersexuality)

Question 4

Frontal Eye Fields

Answer 4

(Frontal)
- controls eye movement
- damage: eye deviate to side of injury
- uncertainty and hope

Question 5

Broca’s Area

Answer 5

(Frontal)
- involved in interpretation of language (syntax) and planning/programming verbal responses

• coordination of speech organs for language production

Question 6

Premotor Cortex

Answer 6

(Frontal)
- selecting & planning motor movements
- supplementary motor area involved in sequencing motor plans

Question 7

Damage to premotor cortex

Answer 7

Apraxia – loss of ability to voluntarily move

Question 8

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 8

(Frontal)
- sends motor plans to muscles for them to act (speech muscles)
- mapped to form homunculus

Question 9

Parietal Lobe areas

Answer 9

• Primary sensory cortex
• Somatosensory association cortex
• angular gyrus
• supra marginal gyrus

Question 10

Primary Sensory Cortex

Answer 10

(Parietal) homunculus present
- processes somatosensory info: vibration, proprioception, touch, stereogensis

Question 11

Somatosensory association cortex

Answer 11

(Parietal)
- interprets sensory experience during motor movements
- used to refine motor action
- involved in fine movements associated with speech

Question 12

Angular gyrus

Answer 12

(Parietal)
- involved in reading & math
- understanding metaphors & sense of embodiment

Question 13

Damage to angular gyrus

Answer 13

Alexia (inability to comprehend written language)
Acalculia (loss of ability to preform simple arithmetic calculation)

Question 14

damage to supra marginal gyrus

Answer 14

phonological dyslexia
difficulty reading new & nonwords

Question 15

Supramarginal gyrus

Answer 15

(Parietal)
- closely related to angular gyrus
- involved in phonological system: stores auditory representations of phonemes (auditory images)
- helps us to sound out words

Question 16

Occipital Lobe areas

Answer 16

• Primary visual cortex
• associative visual cortex

Question 17

Visual cortex

Answer 17

(Occipital)
- info from eyes is received/processed

damage: cortical blindness

Question 18

two streams of vision in visual cortex

Answer 18

dorsal stream: WHERE of vision
- analyzes motion
- spatial relationships

ventral stream: WHAT of vision
- analyzes forms, colors, faces

Question 19

Temporal Lobe areas

Answer 19

• inferior temporal area
• parahippocampal area
• hippocampus
• entorhinal cortex
• fusiform gyrus
• temporal pole
• primary auditory cortex

Question 20

Inferior temporal area

Answer 20

(Temporal)
- processing auditory & language info
- reading facial emotions
- play a role in hallucinations

Question 21

Parahippocampal gyrus

Answer 21

(temporal)
- Hippocampus
- Entorhinal cortex

Question 22

Hippocampus

Answer 22

(Temporal in gyrus)
associated with declarative memory

Question 23

Entorhinal cortex

Answer 23

(Temporal in gyrus)
major input/output relay between cerebral cortex and hippocampus

Question 24

Fusiform gyrus

Answer 24

(Temporal)
- important in remembering & naming seen objects
- functions as visual lexicon
- lesions can cause anomia & lexical graphia

Question 25

Temporal Pole

Answer 25

(Temporal) LEFT: semantic processing, speech comprehension, narrative comprehension RIGHT: integration of emotion into narratives, identifying familiar voices BOTH: theory of mind, empathy

Question 26

Primary auditory cortex

Answer 26

(Temporal) AKA Heschl's gyrus - initial cortical region that receives auditory info from the ears via vestibulocochlear CN - processes sound intensity and frequency - organized by tones

Question 27

Wernickes area

Answer 27

(temporal) - involved in attaching meaning to auditory information

Question 28

Damage to wernicke's area

Answer 28

Wernicke's aphasia characterized by verbal jargon & lack of understanding other's speech

Question 29

Cingulate cortex

Answer 29

anterior parts: cognitive control, detecting & conflicts, problem solving posterior parts: autobiographical memory, managing risky behavior, and emotional processing

Question 30

Filter and focus process of cingulate cortex

Answer 30

ACC filters out irrelevant info PCC detects important info

Question 31

Insular cortex

Answer 31

posterior-dorsal: raw sensory perception of bodily states dorsal-caudal: connections - involved in emotional & cognitive aspects of body integrating sensory feedback into motor behavior

Question 32

role of insular cortex

Answer 32

- clinical date suggests role in language - plays role in lexical decision making - some cases of global aphasia