Diencephalon, Basal Ganglia, Brain Ventricles

Question 1

thalamus

Answer 1

“inner chamber” or “bedroom”
2 hemispheres above the brainstem

RELAY STATION (sensory input)
gateway to cerebral cortex

Question 2

functions of thalamus

Answer 2

relays sensory info (besides smell)
perception of pain, temp, touch
sense of pleasantness/noxiousness

maintains cortical arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycle

Question 3

Thalamic Nuclei

Answer 3

7 groups
- medial
- lateral dorsal
- lateral ventral
- anterior
- intralaminar
- reticular
- midline

Question 4

Medial Geniculate body

Answer 4

relays auditory info from subcortical midbrain to auditory cortex temporal lobe

HEARING

Question 5

Lateral Geniculate body

Answer 5

info from optic nerve to primary visual cortex in occipital lobe

VISUAL

Question 6

Ventral Posterior Medial

Answer 6

input (pain/temp/touch) form the trigeminothalamic tract from face nerves (V,VII,IX,X)

Question 7

Ventral Lateral & Anterior (VL) (VA)

Answer 7

Both receive input from basal ganglia & cerebellum, send info to motor cortex

VL – motor planning
VA – speech production

Question 8

Blood supply to thalamus

Answer 8

the posterior communicating artery (PCA) is very important to the blood supply for thalamus

Question 9

Pituitary Problems
CUSHING DISEASE

Answer 9

• endocrine (hormone) disorder via tumor on pituitary gland
• high levels of cortisol
• moon facies, emotional disturbances, hypertension, buffalo hump, obesity, amenorrhea, muscle weakness

Question 10

Pituitary Problems
ACROMEGALY

Answer 10

• extreme largeness
• caused by tumor
• pituitary produce too much growth hormone

symptoms: large stature, large nose/jaw/hands, hypertension, peripheral neurpathy

Question 11

Epithalamus

Answer 11

superior/posterior thalamus

• connects limbic system to forebrain and other parts!!!!!!!
• sleep-wake cycle, olfactory reflexes, reward & aversion

Question 12

parts of epithalamus

Answer 12

Pineal gland: produces melatonin, sleep-wake cycle, circadian rhythms

Habenula: olfactory reflexes/stress

Salivate: food, gag, noxious

Stria Medullaris: white matter tract connects Habenula to limbic system

Question 13

Subthalamus

Answer 13

below thalamus

• connects basal ganglia to motor cortex
• modulation of movement outside B.G

Question 14

Damage of subthalamus

Answer 14

hemiballismus: one sided involuntary flinging of limbs

tremors, obsessive compulsive, impulsivity

Question 15

Deep Brain Stimulation

Answer 15

success to relieve tremors and involuntary movements for sub thalamus damage by placing a simulator

Question 16

3 large nuclei of Basal Ganglia

Answer 16

• caudate nucleus
• globus pallidus
• putamen

Question 17

caudate nucleus

Answer 17

“having a tail” c-shape

head, body, tail
tail has bulge (amygdala) to limbic sys

Regulate emotions (fear, aggression, emotional meaning to memories, reward processing & decision making)

Question 18

3 large nuclei functionally together

Answer 18

striatum

Question 19

3 large nuclei anatomically together

Answer 19

lenticular nucleus

Question 20

direct pathway of basal ganglia

Answer 20

facilities movement

Question 21

indirect pathway of basal ganglia

Answer 21

inhibits movement

Question 22

Connections cortical motor areas

Answer 22

• using dopamine (substantia nigra) regulates posture, balance, swinging arm movements, walking
• activating, sustaining, inhibiting motor movements

Question 23

dyskinesias

Answer 23

involuntary, erratic movements (fluid dance like)

Question 24

atheosis

Answer 24

slow & withering (limbs, trunk, neck, face, tongue)

Question 25

chorea

Answer 25

involuntary unpredictable rapid contractions in face/arms/legs

Question 26

akinesias

Answer 26

lose ability to move muscles on own ( frozen )

Question 27

rigidity

Answer 27

muscles stiff and tighten involuntarily

Question 28

dystonia

Answer 28

involuntary muscle contractions, repetitive movement or abnormal postures

Question 29

bradykinesia

Answer 29

slowness of movement, difficulty initiating movement

Question 30

Basal ganglia symptoms

Answer 30

Dyskinesias, tremors, athetosis, chorea, akinesia, rigidity, dystonia, bradykinesia

Question 31

Parkinson Disease

Answer 31

progressive neurological disease "shaking palsy" - degeneration of substania nigra in midbrain, loss of dopamine to BG symptoms: muscle rigidity, dyskineasis, resting/pill-rolling tremors, shuffling gait, weak voice, dysarthria, flat affect, dysphagia

Question 32

Parkinson Surgery Deep Brain Stimulation

Answer 32

surgical insertion of brain pacemaker that stimulates basal ganglia, reducing symptoms

Question 33

Parkinson Surgery Pallidotomy

Answer 33

cells in globes pallid us are selectively destroyed using heated probe reducing symptoms

Question 34

Huntington Disease

Answer 34

progressive, hereditary neurological disease due to degeneration of basal ganglia (~35 years) Autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance symptoms: chorea, athetosis, emotional/personality changes, dysarthria, dysphagia, dementia

Question 35

ventricles

Answer 35

fluid-filled spaces in brain 4 total Left & Right ventricle paired Third ventricle Fourth ventricle

Question 36

choroid plexus

Answer 36

each ventricle has this structure that produces cerebral spinal fluid

Question 37

2 Lateral Ventricles right & left

Answer 37

located in each hemisphere paired c-shaped

Question 38

Third ventricle

Answer 38

from diencephelon single structure slit like between 2 thalami, part of hypothalamus may be absent in 30% of humans

Question 39

Fourth ventricle

Answer 39

most inferiorly located lies within brainstem

Question 40

Movement of ventricles

Answer 40

CSF is going down thru spinal cord: - lateral ventricles drain to 3rd ventricle via Forman of Monroe - 3rd ventricle drains to 4th - 4th ventricle drains to central spinal canal - drains to subarachnoid cisterns between arachnoid & Pia mater

Question 41

function of CSF

Answer 41

- provides mechanical protection/cushioning - facilitates homeostasis - facilitates communication between CNS and PNS and immune system

Question 42

Cerebral Spinal Fluid is

Answer 42

- clear/colorless liquid - choroid plexus locate in each ventricle - found in ventricular system, cerebral, spinal, arachnoid spaces in CNS

Question 43

production of CSF

Answer 43

- water - protein 9 - neurotransmitters (helpful diagnostic purposes) - glucose

Question 44

CSF alterations

Answer 44

production changes with - aging - hypertension - atherosclerosis - sleep deprivation

Question 45

CSF impact on dementia/alzheimers

Answer 45

- aging process lead to hypo secretions of CSF, increased connective tissue & changes in vascular system causes CSF to back up - interferes with brain waste clearance

Question 46

Subarachnoid hemmorage complication (CSF)

Answer 46

- obstruction - hemmorage caused inflammation response in brain that causes hypersecretion

Question 47

Holes in meninges (CSF)

Answer 47

- decrease CSF pressure - postural headaches - related to buoyance of brain & difficulty keeping brain supported if not enough CSF

Question 48

Hydrocephalus

Answer 48

Excess CSF builds up in ventricles, enlarging one or more

Question 49

Diagnose hydrocephalus

Answer 49

CT scan, MRI, Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) ventricles can misshapen