Cellular Aberrations: Quiz 3 Flashcards by Renren Dominguez

deviation from a normal functioning of the anatomy of a cell

aberrations

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cell growth and spead unrestrained

Cancer

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transformation from normal cell to neoplastic cell

Carcinogenesis

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Most common cancers:

Lungs, Breast, Colon, Rectum

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cancer is the most leading cause of epidemic non-communicable diseases at what place?

3rd

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every Filipino dies because of cancer at what rate?

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most caner in male

protstate

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testicular cancer is most common in?

22-34 yrs old

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cancer arise from epithelial tissue

Carcinoma

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cancer arise from epithelial tissue

Carcinoma

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cancer arise from supportive tissueq

Sarcoma

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blood forming tissue

Leukemia

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malignant neoplasm of lymphatic tissue

Lymphoma

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cancer arise from plasma cells

myeloma

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2 theories under pathogenesis

Cellular transformaton and derrangement theory
Failure of the Immune Response theoyr

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5 steps of Carcinogenesis
IPLPI

Imitation
Promotion
Latency
Progression
Invasion of Neighboring organism

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Etiologic factors caused by HPV, Hepa b and c, Cytomegalovirus

Oncovirus

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Etiologic factors caused by H. Pylori to cause gastric cancer

Bacteria

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Etiologic factors caused by fungi

mycotoxins , aflatoxin

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Etiologic factors caused by chemical carcinogens

Sweetener, processed meats, red meats

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Etiologic factors caused by physical

radiation, xray, trauma

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Etiologic factors caused by hormones

estrogen

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Etiologic factors caused by genetics,

oncogene-carcinogen-cell structure change- carcinoma

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Etiologic factors caused by endogenous

hereditary

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Etiologic factors caused by exogenous

carcinogens

FNAC

Fine needle Aspiration Surgery

Mitotic division produce a diploid number of

46 chromosomes.

Meiosis composed of haploid number of

23 chromosomes.

Derives from the latin ______ which means cancer.

crab

group of disorders characterized by abnormal cell growth and the ability to metastasize with potential in killing the host

Cellular Aberrations -

Occurs when cancer cells infiltrate adjacent tissues surrounding the neoplasm.

INVASION * Occurs wh

process whereby cells develop specific structures and function is order to specialized in certain task.

DIFFERENTIATION

Increase in size of normal cells

*HYPERTROPY

Shrinkage of cell size

ATROPHY

- Increase in number of normal cells

HYPERPLASIA

Conversion from the normal pattern of differentiation of one type of cells into another type of cell not normal for that tissue

METAPLASIA

Alteration in the shape, size, appearance, and distribution of cells

DYSPLASIA

Disorganized, irregular cells that have no structure and have lots of differentiation; the result is almost malignant.

ANAPLASIA -

conceptualizes that normal cells may be transformed into cancer cells due to exposure to some etiologic agents

Cellular Transformation and Derangement Theory

advocates that all individuals possess cancer cells. However, the cancer cells are recognized by the immune response system.

Failure of the Immune Response Theory

defines the initiation of a tumor

CARCINOGENESIS

maintenance and subsequent evolution.

ONCOGENESIS

TX:

The primary tumor cannot be evaluated.

T0 (T zero):

no evidence of cancer in the colon or rectum.

Tis:

Refers to carcinoma in situ (cancer in situ).

<2 cm

2-4cm

>4cm

>4 cm, involved muscles, base of tongue or skin

(regional Lymph Node)

*Nx

cannot be assessed clinically

*NO –

no evidence of regular node metastasis

Single, ipsilateral <3 cm

N2A

single, ipsilateral 3-6 cm

Multiple ipsilateral <6cm

N2B

Massive ipsilateral, bilateral, contralateral

N3A

Ipsilateral nodes, one more than 6fcm

N3B

bilateral

N3C

contralateral

MX:

: Metastasis cannot be measured.

Cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.

Cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

M1:

Types of Metastasis (3)

Extension & Invasion 1. Lymphatic Spread 2. Seeding of body cavities & surfaces 3. Hematogenous spread

benign state

spread to nearby tissue

2-5 cm sometimes involve lymph

III

more than 5 cm spread (advanced spread to connective tissue)

Mestastasis

ETIOLOGIC FACTORS (Carcinogens) 5 VCPHG

1.Viruses 2.Chemical carcinogens 3.Physical agents 4.Hormones 5.Genetics

induces pulmonary and pleural mesotheliomas in miners and industrial workers

Asbestos

WARNING SIGNAL OF CANCER CAUTION

C- change in bladder and bowel habits * A- a sore that does not heal * U- unusual bleeding or discharges * T- thickening or lump in the breast * I - Indigestion and difficulty in swallowing * O - overt changes in wart or mole * N- nagging cough and hoarseness of voice