Cellular Biology

Question 1

detoxify cell

Answer 1

peroxisomes/lysosomes

Question 2

maintain cell structure & contain centriole

Answer 2

centrosome

Question 3

allow cellular movement

Answer 3

cilia

Question 4

contains DNA

Answer 4

nucleolus

Question 5

originates from nuclear envelope - contains ribosomes

Answer 5

rough ER

Question 6

produces lipids & other things

Answer 6

smooth ER

Question 7

packages proteins

Answer 7

golgi apparatus

Question 8

2 types of cellular injury

Answer 8

sublethal - reversible

lethal - death

Question 9

how homeostasis happens

Answer 9

cellular adaption

Question 10

reversible structural or functional response both to physiologic (normal) conditions OR to pathologic (adverse) conditions

Answer 10

cellular adaptation

Question 11

purpose of cellular adaptation

Answer 11

protect themselves and escape injury

Question 12

changes r/t cellular adaptation can be _______ or ______

Answer 12

physiologic or pathologic

Question 13

6 forms of cellular adaptation

Answer 13

atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
dysplasia
metaplasia
neoplasia

Question 14

atrophy ex. phys vs patho

Answer 14

thymus atrophies during childhood

disuse atrophy

Question 15

hypertrophy ex. phys vs patho

Answer 15

muscle building

left ventricular hypertrophy

Question 16

hyperplasia ex. phys vs patho

Answer 16

liver regeneration if part is lost

endometrial hyperplasia

Question 17

dysplasia ex. phys vs patho

Answer 17

no adaptive example

cervical/respiratory tract dysplasia

Question 18

metaplasia ex. phys vs patho

Answer 18

finding a cell better suited to adverse environment

replacement of normal lining of bronchi in smokers with another kind of epithelium

Question 19

atrophy

Answer 19

size decrease

Question 20

hypertrophy

Answer 20

size increase

Question 21

hyperplasia

Answer 21

number increase

Question 22

dysplasia

Answer 22

deranged cell growth - reversible

Question 23

metaplasia

Answer 23

replacement of one kind of cell with another

Question 24

neoplasia

Answer 24

malignancy - irreversible

Question 25

10 forms of cellular damage

Answer 25

``` apoptosis ischemia hypoxia pyroptosis physical damage mechanical damage chemical toxins microbes abnormal metabolites fluid/electrolyte imbalance ```

Question 26

______ is absent in cancer

Answer 26

apoptosis

Question 27

ischemia

Answer 27

deficit of O2 in cells

Question 28

ischemia can cause _______

Answer 28

infarction - cell death

Question 29

hypoxia

Answer 29

deficit of O2 in tissues

Question 30

hypoxia O2 levels

Answer 30

<90

Question 31

_____ patients chronically hypoxic

Answer 31

COPD

Question 32

pyroptosis

Answer 32

lysis causing nearby inflammation

Question 33

physical damage

Answer 33

heat, cold, radiation

Question 34

mechanical damage

Answer 34

pressure, tearing

Question 35

chemical toxins - 2 kinds

Answer 35

endogenous | exogenous

Question 36

classifications of cellular injury

Answer 36

``` hypoxic free radical chemical intentional unintentional infection immunologic/inflammatory ```

Question 37

most common cellular injury

Answer 37

hypoxia

Question 38

what does hypoxia lead to?

Answer 38

``` respiration stops at glycolysis not enough ATP Na/K pumps fail Na floods cell fluid enters cell ribosomes pop off RER decreased protein production cell dies ```

Question 39

anoxia

Answer 39

total lack of O2

Question 40

free radical

Answer 40

uncharged atoms/molecules

Question 41

most common free radical

Answer 41

oxygen

Question 42

asphyxia

Answer 42

suffocation - strangulation, choking, drowning

Question 43

systematic manifestations of cellular injury (6)

Answer 43

``` fever increased HR increased WBCs pain cellular enzymes liver enzymes ```

Question 44

necrosis

Answer 44

sum of cellular changes after local cell death & the process of cellular autodigestion

Question 45

5 types of necrosis

Answer 45

``` liquefaction coagulative fat caseous gangrene ```

Question 46

necrosis in NS

Answer 46

liquefaction

Question 47

most common necrosis

Answer 47

coagulative

Question 48

fat necrosis common in...

Answer 48

breasts, pancreas, abdominal organs

Question 49

combination of liquefaction & coagulative necrosis

Answer 49

caseous

Question 50

what does caseous necrosis form?

Answer 50

thick yellow cheesy substance

Question 51

TB causes ______ necrosis

Answer 51

caseous

Question 52

necrotic tissue invaded by bacteria

Answer 52

gangrene

Question 53

gangrene often related to...

Answer 53

strangulation - no O2