Musculoskeletal Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
muscle disease & inflammation in response to cell damage
A
myopathy
2
Q
inflammation of muscles & associated tissues (blood vessels)
A
polymyocytitis
3
Q
residual muscle tension - allows partial continuous contraction of muscles - muscle’s resistance to stretch during resting state
A
muscle tone
4
Q
2 systems that can affect MSK disorders
A
endocrine disorders
metabolic diseases
5
Q
examples of metabolic diseases affecting MSK
A
McArdle
Pompe
Myoadenylate deaminise deficiency
6
Q
Any condition causing inflammation in muscle
A
myosititis
7
Q
s/s of myosititis (3)
A
muscle weakness
trouble climbing stairs, reaching over head
rashes
8
Q
Shortening & hardening of muscles, tendons, other tissue
A
contracture
9
Q
etiology of contracture (3)
A
nervous disorders, nerve damage
genetic
injury
10
Q
r/f for contractures (4)
A
motor dysfunction (hemiplegia, tetraplegia)
CVA
spinal cord injury
immobility
11
Q
Mechanical unloading of muscle leads to ↓ muscle mass w/o fiber attrition
A
disuse atrophy
12
Q
s/s of disuse atrophy (4)
A
↓ muscle mass
asymmetry in muscle size
weakness
balance difficulty
13
Q
2 major complications of fractures
A
fat emboli (FES)
compartment syndrome
14
Q
FES
more common in ____ fractures
affected bones most likely to cause it
occurs how long after injury?
triad of sx
A
open fractures
long bones/pelvis
24-72 hours
(1) decreases platelets causing petechiae; (2) tachypnea; (3) confusion
15
Q
petechiae
confusion
tachypnea
A
fat embolus triad of sx
16
Q
cast/bandages cut off blood supply
A
compartment syndrome
17
Q
s/s of compartment syndrome
A
severe pain, distal weakness, numbness, swelling, absent pulses
18
Q
interventions & tx for compartment syndrome
A
cut off bandages
fasciotomy
19
Q
complications of untreated compartment syndrome
A
ischemia
nerve damage
rhabdomylysis
amputation
20
Q
5 mechanisms of fractures
A
compression
tension
bending
torsion
shearing
21
Q
tendons or ligaments pull off a piece of bone
A
tension fracture
22
Q
greenstick fracture
A
bending fracture in children
23
Q
spiral fracture
A
torsion
24
Q
what kind of fracture is more common in abuse?
what specific fracture almost always indicates abuse?
A
shearing
Corner metaphyseal fracture (CMF)
25
Separation of 2 bones at a joint - loss of contact between articulating surfaces
dislocation
26
contact between articular surfaces partially lost
subluxation
27
complications of dislocation
nerve or vessel damage
28
tear in a tendon
strain
29
tear in a ligament
sprain
30
grading for strains and sprains
* 1 - stretching of a few muscle fibers
* 2 - more significant damage, some fibers damaged or torn
* 3 - complete rupture
31
avulsion fracture
ligament/tendon pulls away a piece of bone during a sprain/strain
32
poor athletic conditioning and lack of stretching are r/f
strain & sprains
33
may see decreased OR increased ROM
sprain
34
inflammation of a tendon
tendinopathy/tendonitis
35
etiology of tendinopathy
overuse
repetitive mvmt
sudden stress
36
2 kinds of epicondylopathy
* Tennis elbow - lateral (radial side)
* Golfer’s elbow - medial (ulnar side)
37
epicondylopathy is a type of \_\_\_\_\_
bursitis
38
inflammation of bursa
bursitis
39
types of arthritis that are r/f for bursitis
gouty
rheumatoid
40
Rapid breakdown of muscle causing release of intracellular contents
rhabdomylysis
41
etiology of rhabdo
direct or indirect muscle injury
42
r/f for rhabdo (5)
crush injury
medication (statins)
toxic substance
overexertion
muscular dystrophy
43
statins increase risk for this muscular problem
rhabdo
44
s/s of rhabdo (4)
muscle pain
weakness
dark urine (myoglobinuria)
highly elevated creatine kinase levels
45
2 muscular problems darkened urine could indicate
rhabdo
malignant hyperthermia
46
complication of rhabdo
renal damage
47
severe reaction to anesthesia causing fast ↑ in body temp & severe muscle contractions
malignant hyperthermia
48
r/f for malignant hyperthermia
genetic
49
s/s of malignant hyperthermia (6)
hyperthermia up to 113\*
rigidity
flushing
sweating
tachycardia
brown urine
50
complications of malignant hyperthermia (5)
clotting
amputations
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
heart problems
death
51
precursor to osteoporosis
osteopenia
52
population most affected by osteoporosis & osteopenia
older females
low BMI
53
r/f for osteoporosis (7)
*older; smoking*
female
**lack of estrogen**
excessive cortisol (Cushing’s)
↓ BMI
**diet (vit D, Ca+ deficiency)**
54
s/s of osteoporosis (3)
nontraumatic fracture
loss of height
kyphosis
55
softening of bones as a result of Ca+ or vit D deficiency
osteomalacia (Rickets)
56
r/f for osteomalacia (2)
inadequate sunlight
malabsorption
57
s/s of osteomalacia (4)
bone pain
fractures
weakness
bowing of legs
58
what does bowing of legs indicate?
osteomalacia
59
soft and weak bone is rapidly deposited
Paget disease
60
r/f for Paget's disease
*older; family hx*
idiopathic
UK
61
s/s of Paget (2)
asymptomatic
bone pain
62
complications of Paget (4)
fracture
OA
HF
bone cancer
63
inflammation of bone or marrow r/t infection
osteomyelitis
64
r/f for osteomyelitis (3)
infection
trauma
surgery
65
result of untreated osteomyelitis
necrosis of bone
66
tx for osteomyelitis
surgical debridement
67
joint infection
septic arthritis
68
typical pathogen responsible for septic arthritis
Staph
69
r/f for septic arthritis (4)
existing joint disease
joint surgery
joint injury
lupus
70
complications of untreated septic arthritis
sepsis
osteomyelitis
71
excessive uric acid forming crystals in joints
gout
72
etiology of gout
body cannot get rid of uric acid properly
73
s/s of gout (5)
unilateral
tophi (deposits on joints)
sudden, severe attacks of pain
inflammation
decreased ROM
74
tophi indicates…
gout
75
typical location of gout
first metatarsophalangeal joint (big toe)
76
gout increases risk for…
uric acid based kidney stones
77
Degeneration of articular cartilage & underlying bone
osteoarthritis
78
s/s of OA (9)
asymmetrical
pain
stiffness
loss of mobility
swelling
herberden nodules
bouchard nodules
bunions
morning joint pain lasting \<1hr
79
location of herberden nodules
“high” - distal interphalangeal joints
80
location of bouchard nodules
“below” - proximal interphalangeal joints
81
bunion location
metatarsophalangeal joint
82
what do herberden nodules, bouchard nodules, and bunions indicate?
OA
83
complications of OA
fractures
bleeding in joint
infection
bone death
84
Chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder - destruction of joints
rheumatoid arthritis
85
r/f for RA (5)
*family hx; smoking*
middle age
female
another autoimmune disorder
86
population most affected by RA
middle aged women
87
s/s of RA (10)
symmetrical
ulnar drift
swan neck deformity in fingers
Boutonniere deformity
SQ nodules
fatigue
warmth
joint pain (especially in morning lasting \>1hr)
loss of appetite
fever
88
ulnar drift, swan neck, and Boutonniere indicate…
RA
89
hand moves toward ulnar side
caused by RA
ulnar drift
90
hyperextension of thumb
caused by RA
Boutonierre deformity
91
arthritis of the spine
ankylosing spondylitis
92
etiology of ankylosing spondylitis
genetic
93
population most affected by ankylosing spondylitis
older males
94
widespread MSK pain
no inflammation
trigger points
fibromyalgia
95
etiology of fibromyalgia
soft tissue disorder
96
r/f for fibromyalgia (4)
*family hx*
other chronic diseases
traumatic injury
lupus
97
Extreme fatigue that doesn’t go away with rest
can’t be explained by underlying medical condition
chronic fatigue syndrome
98
r/f for bone tumors (3)
*family hx*
radiation/chemo (especially local)
previous bone tumors
99
Cancer producing immature bone in children
osteosarcoma
100
usual location of osteosarcoma
epiphyses of bone
101
r/f for osteosarcoma (2)
childhood growth spurts
radiation exposure
102
feet drawn in at birth
congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)
103
r/f for clubfoot (4)
nervous disorder
multiple gestations
position in utero
oligohydramnios (not enough fluid in utero)
104
oligohydramnios is a risk factor for…
clubfoot
105
Hip joint does not properly form in early fetal stage
developmental dysplasia of the hips (DDH)
106
r/f for DDH (2)
breech
female
107
s/s of DDH
affected leg is shorter & turned inward
asymmetrical folds in skin of legs
108
tx for DDH
Pavlik harness
109
genetic defect in type 1 collagen protein
osteogenesis imperfecta
110
mild, moderate, and severe types of osteogenesis imperfecta
* _Mild_ - type 1
* _Moderate_ - types 4, 5, 6, 7
* _Severe_ - types 2, 3, 8
111
s/s of osteogenesis imperfecta (4)
easy fractures
blue/purple/gray tint to sclera at birth
triangular face
loose joints
112
a baby born with a triangular face and a bluish sclera indicates…
osteogenesis imperfecta
113
disrupted blood flow to femoral head causes bone to begin to die
Perthes disease
114
Perthes disease is uni/bilateral
unilateral
115
r/f for Perthes disease (5)
young age
male
caucasian
sickle cell
trauma
116
s/s of Perthes disease (5)
unilateral
limping
pain in hip, groin, thigh
limited ROM
leg length discrepancy
117
Swelling & irritation of growth plate at tibial tuberosity (proximal end)
Osgood-Schlatter disease
118
r/f for Osgood Schlatter (2)
adolescence
athletes
119
Osgood-Schlatter is uni/bilateral
bilateral
120
s/s of Osgood Schlatter (4)
knee/leg pain
swelling
tenderness
warmth over knee/shinbone
121
lateral curvature of spine
scoliosis
122
r/f for scoliosis (6)
*family hx*
cerebral palsy
Marfans
Turner syndrome
neurofibramatosis
polio
123
who has more severe forms of scoliosis?
females
124
tx for scoliosis
bracing
125
s/s of scoliosis (4)
loss of height
uneven shoulders
bump on back
trouble walking
126
Progressive genetic weakness & loss of muscle mass
muscular dystrophy (Duchenne)
127
population affected by Duchenne
males
females are carriers
128
s/s of Duchenne (6)
frequent falls
waddling gait
muscle pain or stiffness
large calves
difficulty rising
gowers sign
129
what is gower's sign?
what does it indicate?
using hands on knees to stand up
muscular dystrophy
130
assessment for a dislocation
neurovascular - sensation and pulses
