Neuro Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
awareness of oneself & environment
A
consciousness
2
Q
awakeness
responsiveness to stimuli
A
arousal
3
Q
encompasses all cognitive functions
A
awareness
4
Q
loss of awareness & mental capabilities
A
vegetative state
5
Q
brain can no longer maintain internal homeostasis
A
brain death
6
Q
irreversible coma - death of cerebral hemispheres, excluding brain stem & cerebellum
A
cerebral death
7
Q
individual aware & thinking, unable to move or communicate
A
locked in syndrome
8
Q
inability to interpret sensations & recognize things
A
agnosia
9
Q
deficiency in generation of speech and/or comprehension
A
dysphasia
10
Q
loss of ability to understand or produce speech
A
aphasia
11
Q
abrupt change in brain causing confusion
A
delirium
12
Q
sensation perceived by pt preceding condition affecting brain (ex seizure, migraine)
A
aura
13
Q
low muscle tone - decreased DTR
A
hypotonia
14
Q
high muscle tone - overly active DTR
A
hypertonia
15
Q
certain muscles continually contracted
A
spasticity
16
Q
inability to relax muscles during muscle tone assessment
A
paratonia
17
Q
(oppositional paratonia) - subject involuntarily resists passive movement
A
Gegenhalten
18
Q
muscles contract uncontrollably
A
dystonia
19
Q
increased muscle tone, stiffness or inflexibility of muscle
A
rigidity
20
Q
excessive muscle movement
A
hyperkinesia
21
Q
low muscle movement
A
hypokinesia
22
Q
muscle weakness caused by nerve damage
A
paresis
23
Q
loss of ability to move all or part of body
A
paralysis
24
Q
used to assess LOC
A
Glasgow coma scale
25
3 parts of the Glasgow coma scale
highest and lowest scores
what score is comatose?
eye opening; verbal response; motor response
3-15
8 or less is comatose
26
“passing out”
loss of consciousness
27
overactivity of or problems with pain-sensitive structures in head
primary headache
28
h/a that is a sx of a problem
secondary headache
29
“headband” h/a
tension
30
h/a behind an eye - one drooping eye - runny nose - occur over 7-10 days
cluster h/a
31
unilateral h/a with aura, photophobia, phonophobia, n/v
migraine
32
h/a red flags
first h/a in life after 50yo
waking up with h/a
“worst h/a of my life”
thunderclap h/a
33
sudden uncontrolled electrical disturbance in brain
seizure
34
having one seizure _____ the threshold for having another
(except in the case of ______ seizures)
lowers
febrile
35
seizure affecting both sides of brain
generalized
36
seizure where person stops moving altogether
petit mal
37
seizures with LOC, bilateral jerking, rigidity and shaking
tonic clonic (grand mal)
38
\_\_\_\_\_ is rigidity
\_\_\_\_\_ is shaking
tonic
clonic
39
seizure localized in one brain are
focal
40
2 types of focal seizures
simple partial - one location in brain
complex partial - an area of the brain
41
one finger or hand shaking indicates a ________ seizure
focal
42
continuous seizure
status epilepticus
43
life threatening seizure
status epilepticus
44
3 potential causes of seizures
bleeding
tumor
epilepsy
45
Complications - learning difficulty (esp in children); aspiration; biting tongue or mouth; injury from fall; brain damage
seizures
46
elevated pressure around brain
elevated ICP
47
potential causes of high ICP
bleeding
swelling
tumor
idiopathic
48
can cause papilledema - borders around optic nerve are no longer clear
high ICP
49
irreversible, fatal complication of high ICP
herniation of brain into spinal cavity
50
edema in brain
cerebral edema
51
involuntary flexion/extension of arms and legs
indicates severe brain injury
posturing
52
involuntary flexion of arms into chest, clenched fists, extended legs
decorticate posturing
53
involuntary extension of upper extremities in response to external stimuli - head arched back, arms extended by sides, legs extended
decerebrate posturing
54
which type of posturing is “better”?
decorticate
55
partial or total memory loss
amnesia
56
loss of memory of things that happened in the past
retrograde amnesia
57
inability to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
58
group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking, social abilities
dementia
59
early signs of dementia
losing recent memories
unable to draw a clock face (MMSE)
60
interventions for (some) pts with dementia
frequently orient them to surroundings
61
abnormal deposits of alpha-synuclein in brain
slow dementia
hallucinations
pts may be called “combative”, “violent”
Lewy Body dementia
62
uncommon dementia affecting frontal & temporal lobes
radical personality changes
frontotemporal dementia
63
dementia secondary to CVA
sudden “steps down” in function after each event
vascular dementia
64
Involves amyloid plaques & neurofibrillary tangles - shrinking of the brain
Alzheimer's
65
chromosomal anomaly increasing risk for early onset Alzheimer's
trisomy 21
66
closed head TBI
no skull fracture
67
open head TBI
skull fracture
penetration of brain
68
TBI with displacement of a piece of skull below skull level
depressed skull fracture
69
area of brain damaged is contralateral to an injury
contrecoup TBI
70
why does high ICP cause vomiting?
pressure on neurons in medulla
71
dangerous complication of concussion
second impact syndrome
can cause chronic traumatic encephalopathy
72
tx concussion
sitting, resting, low light, doing nothing
73
collection of blood w/i skull
intercranial hematoma
74
types of intercranial hematoma (based on location)
epidural
subdural
subarachnoid
intercerebral
75
which types of spinal cord injury are reversible, and which are irreversible?
reversible - bruising
irreversible - ischemia & necrosis
76
what not to do for a pt with a halo
do not grab the halo
do not raise head of bed without sitting pt up first
77
temporary loss or depression of spinal cord reflexes below level of a lesion
spinal shock
78
paraplegia; quadriplegia; flaccid muscle tone; all sensation below transection lost
spinal shock
79
* Acute elevation in BP with brady/tachycardia
* Massive sympathetic response that cannot be controlled from brain - dual action from both SNS and PSNS
autonomic dysreflexia
80
Etiology - full bladder or rectum; infection; genital stimulation; other painful stimuli
autonomic dysreflexia
81
skin differences above & below lesion; blurred vision; h/a; intracranial or subarachnoid hemorrhage; retinal detachment; death
autonomic dysreflexia
82
Protrusion of nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc
herniated disc
83
usual location of herniated discs
lumbosacral
84
is a herniated or bulging disc more severe?
herniated
85
herniated disc sx are usually (unilateral/bilateral)
unilateral
86
inflammation of meninges
meningitis
87
which pathogens are more/less virulent in meningitis?
virus - less
bacteria - more
88
r/f - younger population; immunocompromise; crowding (prison, etc); IV drug use; splenectomy; DM; infection; ventroperitoneal shunt (drains CSF into abdomen); alcoholism
meningitis
89
fever; nucal rigidity (stiff neck); photophobia; n/v; petechiae; confusion
meningitis
90
how to test for meningitis
lumbar puncture
91
brain inflammation
encephalitis
92
usually direct result of necrotic liquefactive pus
brain abscess
93
unencapsulated brain abscess/inflammation
cerebritis
94
brain abscess has a \_\_% fatality rate
32
95
“mini stroke”
transient ischemic attack
96
stroke that resolves on its own/without intervention
TIA
97
warning sign of thrombotic CVA
TIA
98
sudden death of some brain cells due to lack of O2 when bloodflow to brain is impaired by blockage or rupture
cerebral vascular accident
99
3 types of CVA
thrombotic
embolotic
hemorrhagic
100
CVA with gradual onset; occurs at rest; minimal ICP elevation; localized
thrombotic
101
cause of thrombotic CVA
atherosclerosis in cerebral arteries
102
cause of embolotic CVA
Clot - Systemic source or atherosclerosis in carotid artery
103
atrial fibrillation increases risk for _____ stroke
embolotic
104
CVA with sudden onset; minimal ICP elevation; localized
embolotic
105
CVA with sudden onset; often with activity; elevated ICP; widespread & severe; can be fatal
hemorrhagic
106
cause of hemorrhagic stroke
bleeding in brain
107
localized dilation of cerebral vessel
intracranial aneurysm
108
2 demyelinating disorders
Guillan barre
multiple sclerosis
109
demyelination in PNS
guillian barre
110
demyelination in CNS
MS
111
ascending paralysis; prickling; paresthesia; weakness; unsteady gait
guillian barre
112
s/s - variable, may change unexpectedly - numbness; tremor; visual impairment; speech problems; fatigue; dizziness; alteration in bladder or bowel function
MS
113
Autoimmune - Type II hypersensitivity- postsynaptic muscle membrane is distorted and simplified
myasthenia gravis
114
what is going on with ACh in myasthenia gravis?
ACh released normally, but receptors on end-plate membrane are reduced - antibodies attach to membrane causing decreased effects of ACh
115
muscle weakness; eye drooping; diplopia (double vision); dysphagia; severe fatigue
myasthenia gravis
116
test for myasthenia gravis
Tensil test - injection of high levels of ACh - pt will suddenly be able to move normally again
117
genetic progressive atrophy of brain
Huntington's
118
effects of Huntington's on the CNS
caudate nucleus atrophies
degeneration of inhibitory medium spinal neurons
decreased neurotransmitters (GABA, substance P)
119
onset after 40yo; movement changes (chorea); tremor; personality or behavior changes (usually aggression & anger)
Huntington's disease
120
tx for Huntington's
none
it leads to death
121
Neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra of brain
degeneration of basal ganglion
Parkinson's
122
neurotransmitter lost in Parkinson's
dopamine
123
tell tale early sign of Parkinson's
resting tremor that abates with intentional movement
124
dementia that can arise from Parkinson's
Lewy body
125
tx for Parkinson's
dopamine increasing meds
126
Lou Gehrig's disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
127
degeneration of these parts of brain in ALS
corticospinal tracts, anterior horn cells, bulbar motor nuclei, or combo
128
cramps; weakness; muscle atrophy of hands or feet; weakness progresses to forearms, shoulders, lower limbs; spasticity; hyperactive DTRs; extension plantar reflexes; clumisness; stiffness; wt loss; fatigue; difficulty controlling facial expression & tongue movement
ALS
129
tx ALS
supportive
there is no cure
130
excess CSF in skull
hydrocephalus
131
2 types of hydrocephalus
* _Noncommunicating/obstructive -_ flow of CSF in ventricular system is blocked
* _Communicating_ - impaired absorption of CSF
132
type of hydrocephalus in babies
noncommunicating/obstructive
133
vomiting; poor feeding; elevated ICP; seizure; poor response to touch
hydrocephalus
134
tx for hydrocephalus
ventroperitoneal shunt
135
open neural tube birth defect
spina bifida
136
open neural tube birth defect
spina bifida
137
open neural tube birth defect
spina bifida
138
pregnant mothers prevent spina bifida by eating…
which contains…
green leafy
folic acid
139
spinous processes do not fuse - no herniation of spinal cord or meninges
spina bifida occulta
140
herniation of meninges
meningocele
141
herniation of spinal cord, meninges, CSF, nerves
myelomeningocele
142
warning signs for spina bifida (if it isn't visible)
caudal dimple
tuft of hair on lower spine
143
Nonprogressive disorders of movement & posture caused by interruption of O2 to fetus
cerebral palsy
144
etiology of cerebral palsy
interrupted O2 to fetus causing brain asphyxia DURING fetal period, NOT during birth
145
abnormal reflexes; floppiness; rigidity of limbs & trunk; involuntary movements; unsteady walking
cerebral palsy
146
both benign and malignant brain tumors can be life threatening unless…
they are accessible for removal
147
largest % of primary malignant brain tumors
gliomas
148
Breakdown in relation between thought, emotion, and behavior
schizophrenia
149
enlarged cerebral ventricles, thinning of cortex, decreased size of hippocampus
increased dopamine, decreased GABA
schizophrenia
150
* enlarged cerebral ventricles, thinning of cortex, decreased size of hippocampus
* increased dopamine, decreased GABA
* Decreased blood flow to frontal lobes
schizophrenia
151
psychosis
loss of contact with reality
152
sx schizophrenia
* Psychosis
* Hallucinations
* Delusions
* Disorganized speech & behavior
* Flattened affect
* Cognitive deficits
* Occupational & social dysfunction
153
2 types of sx of schizophrenia
positive - delusions, bizarre behavior
negative - flat emotions, decreased speech
154
delusions; hallucinations; cognitive function & affect remain relatively well preserved
paranoid schizophrenia
155
disorganized behavior & speech
disorganized schizophrenia
156
at least 2 of…
* Immobility
* Excessive purposeless motor activity
* Extreme negativism
* Peculiarities of voluntary movement
catatonic schizophrenia
157
does not have characteristics of paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic
undifferentiated schizophrenia
158
continued presence of negative schizophrenia symptoms
residual schizophrenia
159
definition of anxiety disorder
anxiety lasting \>6 months & interfering with daily life
160
fear; sleeping problems; palpitations; dyspnea; dry mouth
anxiety
161
broad anxiety over months
generalied anxiety disorder
162
intrusive thoughts or fears
obsessions
163
need to carry out certain rituals
compulsion
164
Frequent episodes of intense anxiety that feels like it cannot be controlled
panic disorder
165
Intense fear of criticism, embarrassment or humiliation
social phobia
166
3 neurotransmitters imbalanced in depression
norepinephrine
serotonin
dopamine
167
nearsightedness
myopia
168
farsightedness
hyperopia
169
farsightedness r/t aging
presbyopia
170
irregular lens/cornea curvature
astigmatism
171
lazy eye, cross eye
strabismus
172
double vision
diplopia
173
involuntary eye movement
nystagmus
174
hearing loss r/t aging
presbycupis
175
hearing better in noisy surroundings
paracusis
176
bacteria from skin get into glands of eye
stye
177
large & small styes
large - chalazion
small - hordeolum
178
indication that conjuntivitis is bacterial
purulent discharge
179
damage to optic nerve worsening over time
glaucoma
180
pain; halos around light; peripheral vision loss; reddened eyes; n/v; blurred vision
glaucoma
181
clouding of lens
cataract
182
deterioration of macula
macular degeneration
183
loss of central vision
eventual blindness
macular degeneration
184
loss of peripheral vision
glaucoma
185
subretinal fluid accumulates between neurosensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium
detached retina
186
floaters; flashes of light; blurry vision; shadow over visual field
detached retina
187
bone problem/obstruction deafness
conductive
188
deafness caused by problem with nerve
sensorineural
189
infection of middle ear
otitis media
190
overgrowth of ear bones
otosclerosis
191
hearing loss c low frequencies; balance issues; tinnitus
otosclerosis
192
idiopathic disorder of inner ear affecting balance
meniere syndrome
193
infectious disease that can increase risk for meniere's
syphilis
194
test for meniere's
dix-hallpike maneuver
195
a catatonic schizophrenic must have at least 2 of these 4 traits
* Immobility
* Excessive purposeless motor activity
* Extreme negativism
* Peculiarities of voluntary movement
