Immunity & Infection Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
bodys lines of defense
A
1 - innate immunity
2 - inflammation
3 - adaptive immunity
2
Q
3 types of barriers
A
physical, chemical, biomechanical
3
Q
2 types of adaptive immunity
A
Antibody mediated & cell mediated
4
Q
organism able to reproduce in/on body cells
A
infection
5
Q
infection in a single individual
A
sporadic
6
Q
infection transmitted in healthcare setting
A
nosocomial
7
Q
continuous transmission w/i population
A
endemic
8
Q
higher than normal transmission OR spread to new area
A
epidemic
9
Q
spread of epidemic onto most continents
A
pandemic
10
Q
infection that is root cause of current health problem
A
primary infection
11
Q
complication of primary infection
Ex pt takes antibiotics & gets a vaginal yeast infection - occurs because normal flora in vagina are killed - overgrowth of yeast
A
secondary infection
12
Q
source of infection
A
reservoir
13
Q
inanimate object carrying pathogens
A
fomite
14
Q
person with subclinical infection acting as reservoir
A
carrier
15
Q
access to new host
A
portal of entry
16
Q
means of leaving reservoir
A
portal of exit
17
Q
means of reaching new susceptible host
A
mode of transmission
18
Q
ability of microbe to cause disease
A
pathogenicity
19
Q
degree of pathogenicity
A
virulence
20
Q
Time between entry of organism to host and s/s
A
incubation
21
Q
gonorrhea incubation
A
5-30 days
22
Q
syphilis incubation
A
10-90 days
23
Q
- Fatigue, loss of appetite, h/a
- Nonspecific symptoms
- More evident in some infections than others
A
prodromal period
24
Q
specific prodromal period associated c migraines
A
aura
25
3 periods of infection
incubation
prodromal
acute
26
\_\_\_\_\_% pts acquire nosocomial infections
10-15%
27
risk factors for infection in general
* extremes of age
* pregnancy
* immunocompromise
* genetic susceptibility
* malnutrition
* chronic disease
* severe physical/emotional stress
* inflammation/trauma
* impaired inflammatory response
28
why is pregnancy a risk factor for infection?
Fetus is a rapidly dividing foreign body
immune system changes so it doesn’t attack those cells, becomes less aggressive
other organisms can cause infection that would otherwise be eliminated
29
powerful anti-inflammatory hormone
cortisol
30
chain of infection (6)
* Organism
* Reservoir
* Portal of exit
* Mode of transmission
* Portal of entry
* Susceptible host
31
Transmission: Touching infectious legion, sex, infected blood & bodily secretions
direct contact
32
transmission: Intermediate fomite or organism; Contaminated hands or food
indirect contact
33
transmission: Sneeze, cough, drip, exhale
droplet
34
transmission: Small particles suspended in air; breathing
aerosol
35
transmission: Insect or animal is intermediate host
vectorborne
36
second infection superimposed on an earlier one
usually second organism of endogenous or exogenous origin
_original tx makes second microbe resistant_
superinfection
37
pathogens take advantage of opportunity not usually available
altered normal flora, weaked immune system, breached integumentary barriers
opportunistic infection
38
s/s localized infection
Pain, inflammation, swelling, erythema, warmth, exudate
39
s/s systemic infection
Fever (or low temp), chills, tachycardia, tachypnea, fatigue, weakness, h/a, n/v/d
40
3 methods of diagnosis for infections
C & S
blood tests
immunological testing
41
neutrophilia indicates…
bacterial infection
42
lymphocytosis indicates…
viral infection
43
inflammatory markers (2)
* C-reactive protein (CRP)
* Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
44
typically the most abundant antibody
IgG
45
what would it mean to find high IgG vs IgM levels in an antibody titer?
IgG - infection “gone” - immunity
IgM - acute illness - “miserable”
46
toxins secreted by G+ bacteria
exotoxins
47
toxins present in cell wall of G- bacteria
endotoxins
48
vasoactive compounts (endotoxin) can cause…
septic shock
49
viral replication stimulates ________ production by host cell
this stimulates ___________ to destroy cell
interferon
natural killer cells
50
protozoa examples
trichomoniasis, malaria, amoebic dysentery
51
causes of inflammation
* Direct physical damage
* Caustic chemicals
* Ichemia & infarction
* Allergic reactions
* Extremes of heat or cold
* Foreign bodies
* Infection
52
steps of inflammation (7)
1. Release of _bradykinin_ from injured cells
2. Bradykinin activates _pain receptors_
3. Mast cells & basophils release _histamine_
4. Bradykinin & histamine cause _capillary dilation_
5. Increased _blood flow_ & capillary _permeability_
6. _Neutrophils_ & _monocytes_ arrive at inflamed area
7. _Macrophages_ leave bloodstream for phagocytosis
53
source of histamine
mast cells
basophils
54
function of histamine
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
55
function of bradykinin
Vasodilation
Pain
Fever
Increased capillary permeability
56
general functions of the inflammatory mediators
vasodilation
increased cap permeability
chemotaxis
pain
fever
platelet aggregation
57
watery exudate
sign of ____ inflammation
serous
early
58
pinkish exudate
serosanguinous
59
exudate indicating a bacterial infection
purulent/supperative
60
thick, clotted exudate
sign of ______ inflammation
fibrinous
advanced
61
exudate containing blood
hemorrhagic/sanguinous
62
acute inflammation lasts \< \_\_\_\_\_
chronic inflammation lasts longer
2 weeks
63
WBCs more common in chronic inflammation
lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts
64
\_\_\_\_\_\_ may develop around a foreign object in chronic inflammation
granuloma
65
local inflammation s/s
* Erythema
* Warmth
* Edema
* Pain
* Loss of function
66
systemic inflammation s/s
* Pyrexia (fever)
* Malaise
* Fatigue
* h/a
* Anorexia
* Pus
* Incomplete wound healing
67
causes of systemic inflammation (7)
* unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
* high lipid/wax content of microbe
* microbe ability to survive inside macrophage
* toxins
* chemicals
* particular matter
* physical irritants
68
why does inflammation increase infection risk?
increased cap permeability - microbes enter tissues
exudate provides environment for microbes
69
function of skeletal muscle spasm
protective response to pain
70
least & most powerful anti-inflammatories
least: acetaminophen
most: glucocorticoids & corticosteroids
71
\_\_\_\_ therapy used for inflammation
RICE
rest, ice, compression, elevation
72
process of primary & secondary immune responses (5)
1. First exposure to antigen
2. **Primary anti-antigen response** - IgM rises - low amounts of antibodies - T&B cell creation
3. IgG rises when antigen is “gone”
4. Second exposure to antigen
5. **Secondary anti-antigen response** - much higher amounts of IgM and IgG
73
high IgM, low IgG
primary response
74
high IgG, low IgM
antigen is gone
75
high IgG and IgM
secondary response
76
natural active
infection
77
natural passive
preformed maternal antibodies
78
artificial active
immunization
79
artificial passive
preformed immunoglobulins given artificially
80
3 main types of vaccines
whole agent
subunit
toxoid
81
influenza A, hepatitis A, polio, rabies are ______ vaccines
inactivated (killed)
82
MMR, varicella, rotovirus, Zostavax are _______ vaccines
attenuated (weakened)
83
adjuvants used with ______ to …
subunit vaccines
increase effectiveness
84
Hib, hepatitis B, HPV, pneumococcal, meningococcal are _____ vaccines
subunit
85
diphtheria, tetanus are _____ vaccines
toxoid
86
immunocompromise r/f
primary disease; secondary disease; chronic disease state; cancer; cancer tx; medications; nutrition
87
reduction of immune response
immunosuppression
88
partial or total loss of 1+ immune system components
immunodeficiency
89
developmental immunodeficiency
primary deficiency
90
loss of immune response from specific causes
secondary/acquired deficiencies
91
HIV in Europe & America vs central Africa
* HIV-1: US and Europe
* HIV-2: central Africa
92
HIV causes destruction of…
helper T-cells (CD4 lymphocytes)
93
function of CD4 lymphocytes
recognize viral infections
94
defines transition from HIV+ to AIDS
low CD4
95
drugs used to treat HIV
at least ___ are required
antiretrovirals
3
96
* “allergy, asthma, anaphylaxis, atopic”
* Immediate reaction
* IgE-mediated
* Most common cause of almost all allergic reactions
Type I hypersensitivity
97
Type 1 mediated by…
IgE
98
why can Type 1 hypersensitivity be life threatening?
Mast cells release histamine - _bronchi constrict_, massive vasodilation & capillary permeability
99
Life-threatening systemic Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
anaphylaxis
100
tx anaphylaxis
epinephrine (Epipen)
101
* “antiBodies”
* IgG-mediated, but sometimes IgM
* Responds to antigens associated c cells
Type 2 hypersensitivity
102
Type 2 mediated by…
IgG, sometimes IgM
103
hypersensitivity involved with blocking receptors
also cytotoxic
Type 2
104
blood agglutination
Graves’ disease
myasthenia gravis
Type 2 hypersensitivities
105
* “clumps, complexes”
* IgG-mediated
* Responds to antigens not attached to cells
* Failure of self-recognition
* Systemic problem
Type 3 hypersensitivity
106
Type 3 mediated by…
IgG
107
Formation of huge immune complexes outside of cells
become trapped in small spaces, like in basement membranes, joint spaces, glomeruli, etc
type 3 hypersensitivity
108
lupus nephritis
serum sickness
reaction to penicillin or sulfa drugs
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
meningitis
hepatitis
malaria
rheumatoid arthritis
Type 3 hypersensitivites
109
* “delayed”
* 48-72 hours later
* T-cell-mediated
* Total destruction of antigen
Type 4 hypersensitivity
110
type 4 mediated by…
T cells
111
why is type 4 delayed?
T cells have to work on their own
112
PPD test
poison ivy
multiple sclerosis
T1DM
Crohn’s disease
Type 4 hypersensitivity
113
Development of antibodies/cells against own tissues
autoimmune disorders
114
type of antibodies created in autoimmune
autoantibodies
115
hashimoto thyroiditis
systemic lupus erythmatosus
rheumatic fever
myasthenia gravis
scleroderma
pernicious anemia
autoimmune disorders
116
autoimmune more common in men/women, age, race?
women
middle age
African American, Hispanic
117
sends out T4 & T3 - controls metabolism
thyroid
118
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ monitors T3&4 levels & signals _________ to increase or decrease levels with \_\_\_
pituitary
hypothalamus
TSH
119
autoimmune causes of hypo & hyperthyroidism
hypo - Hashimoto's - antibodies block TSH receptors
hyper - Graves' disease - antibodies stimulate TSH receptors
120
universal donor & recipient
donor: O-
recipient: AB+
121
_Transfusion reaction_ can cause all blood to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
hemolyse
122
immune cells present in graft tissue attack host cells
graft vs host
123
recipient’s immune system recognizes graft as foreign and tries to eliminate it
host vs graft (organ rejection)
124
types of organ rejection (time periods)
hyperacute - immediate
acute - several weeks
chronic/late - months or years
125
organ transplant pts are on _____ for the rest of their lives, and as a result…
immunosuppressant
immunocompromised
