Cellular respiration

Question 1

Types of work in the human body

Answer 1

Transport,Mechanical,Synthesis

Question 2

Types of energy in body

Answer 2

Kinetic and Potential

Question 3

Give example of energy transformation

Answer 3

ATP(potential) energy can be transformed into muscle movement(kinetic)

Question 4

Free energy definition

Answer 4

Portion of a system energy available for work: G = H - TS

Question 5

Spontaneous reaction def

Answer 5

Chemical reaction that occurs without the need for external energy input

Question 6

What tells you whether a reaction is spontaneous?

Answer 6

If change in energy is negative(energy is released)

Question 7

Are spontaneous reactions exergonic or endergonic

Answer 7

Exergonic(net release of energy)

Question 8

Is cellular respiration exergonic or not? what about photosynthesis

Answer 8

Cellular respiration is exergonic, photosynthesis is endergonic(requires energy)

Question 9

Metabolism def

Answer 9

Sum of all chemical reactions within an organism

Question 10

Catabolic reactions def

Answer 10

Breakdown complex molecules into simpler compounds, releasing energy which is exergonic

Question 11

Anabolic reactions def

Answer 11

Build complex molecules from simple ones, which consume energy and are endergonic

Question 12

Energy coupling def

Answer 12

Organisms harness the energy of spontaneous reactions to drive non spontaneous reactions

Question 13

Is work endergonic or exergonic

Answer 13

Endergonic

Question 14

Is the hydrolysis of Adenosine Triphosphate exergonic or endergonic?

Answer 14

highly exergonic

Question 15

What is equation for ATP hydrolysis

Answer 15

ATP -> ADP + Pi

Question 16

What would happen if hydrolysis of ATP occurred in a test tube?

Answer 16

heat would be released

Question 17

Explain this statement: “ATP is renewable”

Answer 17

cells can continuously regenerate it after its used. adding a phosphate creates ATP again

Question 18

Phosphorylation def

Answer 18

ATP transfers a phosphate group to a reactant to activate it

Question 19

How does ATP coupling to do transport work happen(active transport)?

Answer 19

Phosphate group to a carrier protein causes a change in shape of the protein, allowing it to move across the membrne

Question 20

How does carrier protein affected by phosphate group transfer return to original shape?

Answer 20

De phophorylation

Question 21

How does ATP power mechanical work?

Answer 21

ATP hydrolysis changes the conformation of motor protein so that it takes a step forward => non covalent interaction

Question 22

Take a look at an overview of cellular respiration

Answer 22

https://prnt.sc/rUjHrEX3j8I4

Question 23

True or False? Cellular respiration is a redox reaction

Answer 23

True, one molecule loses electrons and other gains electrons

Question 24

General formula for redox

Answer 24

Xe- + Y -> X + Ye-

Question 25

Cellular respiration def

Answer 25

Process by which cells extract and use energy contained in organic compounds

Question 26

True or False? In cellular respiration, the organic compound is oxidized => e- moves from them

Answer 26

True

Question 27

The electrons that are stripped from glucose are transferred where?

Answer 27

NAD+ and FAD which are reduced to NADH and FADH2

Question 28

What do NADH and FADH2 do, what does O2 do at the end?

Answer 28

They carry and donate the electrons to the electron transport chain to make ATP O2 captures the electrons along with H+ to form H2O

Question 29

Is the movement of e- from glucose to O2 spontaneous or non spontaneous? note that O2 is very electronegative

Answer 29

Spontaneous because oxygen has a tendency to attract electrons

Question 30

What are the two ways to make ATP

Answer 30

Substrate level phosphorylation and Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 31

What happens in substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 31

enzymes catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate Substrate-P + ADP -> substrate + ATP

Question 32

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 32

Chemiosmosis powers production of ATP by ATP synthase => ADP + Pi -> ATP

Question 33

Net equation of cellular respiration

Answer 33

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 32 ATP

Question 34

Where does glycolysis occur? also give the equation of it

Answer 34

cytoplasm eq: Glucose(6c) -> 2 pyruvate(3C) + 2 ATP + 2NADH

Question 35

Give equation of pyruvate oxidation

Answer 35

2 pyruvate -> 2 acetyl CoA(2C) + 2CO2 + 2NADH + 2CO2

Question 36

Where does krebs cycle aka citric acid cycle take place? also give the equation

Answer 36

Mitochondrial matrix, eq: 2 acetyl CoA -> 4CO2 + 2ATP + 6NADh + 2FADH2 + 2 ATP + 4CO2 note: this is a substrate level phosphorylation

Question 37

Where do ETC and oxidative phosphorylation occur? Give the equation also

Answer 37

10 NADH + 2FADH2 + 6O2 -> 28ATP + 12H2O

Question 38

2 phases of glycolysis, state the net input and output

Answer 38

Energy investment phase input 2 ATP Energy payoff phase Output 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 39

What are the equations of energy investment phase and payoff phase

Answer 39

investment: Glucose -> 2 G3P (PFK ENZYME) payoff: 2 G3P -> 2 pyruvate

Question 40

Characteristics of phosphofructokinase(PFK)

Answer 40

It catalyzes in a singular direction

Question 41

What happens during pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 41

Pyruvate transported to matrix and oxidized to acetyl CoA(coenzyme A)

Question 42

True or False? NAD+ is reduced to NADH during pyruvate oxidation

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What happens during citric acid cycle

Answer 43

Final oxidation steps, high energy electrons from glucose are transferred to NAD+ and FAD => 2 Acetyl CoA is fully oxidized

Question 44

Where is electron transport chain located, what does it contain?

Answer 44

Embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane contains 3 enzyme complexes I III IV, 2 mobile electron carriers coenzyme Q and cytochrom eC, Complex2

Question 45

What does complex 1 of the ETC do?

Answer 45

receives e- from NADH, pumps protons into intermembrane space

Question 46

What does the coenzyme Q called ubiquione do?

Answer 46

Receives electrons from complex 1 or FADH2, moves in the lipid bilayer

Question 47

What does complex 3 of ETC do?

Answer 47

receives e- from coenzyme Q, pumps protons into intermembrane space, contains cytochromes

Question 48

What does cytochrome C do?

Answer 48

receives e- from complex 3

Question 49

cytochrome def

Answer 49

protein that contains a heme group with central iron atom

Question 50

What does complex 4, also known as cytochrome oxidase do?

Answer 50

receives e- from cytochrome C, transfers electron to O2 to produce H2O, pumps proteins into intermembrane space and contains cytochromes

Question 51

Is the movement of electrons along the ETC spontaneous? explain.

Answer 51

Yes, because electrons are moving from low to high electronegativity

Question 52

Chemiosmosis def

Answer 52

movement of protons across selectively permeable membrane by passive transport

Question 53

Oxidative phosphorylation def

Answer 53

Chemiosmosis is coupled to production of ATP synthase

Question 54

How does ATP synthase work?

Answer 54

enzyme embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane synthesizes from ADP and Pi

Question 55

Explain how chemiosmosis works

Answer 55

Protons diffuse through, and movement of protons is coupled to synthesis of ATP through the rotor causing a spin that activates catalytic sites

Question 56

What are the allosteric regulators of PFK, and what do they do?

Answer 56

ATP negatively regulates => inhibits and slows it AMP positively activates, meaning need glucose fast Citrate inhibits and says to pause glycolysis