Bio lecture 1

Question 1

Covalent Bonding

Answer 1

results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms

Question 2

Are Hydrogen Bonds covalent? If not, what are they?

Answer 2

No,attractive forces

Question 3

What type of molecule is Water?

Answer 3

Polar

Question 4

Polymer

Answer 4

Molecule made of similar subunits - monomers together

Question 5

How are polymers formed?

Answer 5

Dehydration/condensation reaction - monomers join together

Question 6

How are polymers broken down?

Answer 6

Hydrolysis(add water molecule to chain)

Question 7

How many bonds are carbon atoms assumed to have?

Answer 7

4

Question 8

What are the four classes of biomolecules?

Answer 8

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 9

What do Carbohydrates include?

Answer 9

simple sugars, polymers

Question 10

Use case of carbohydrates

Answer 10

fuel for cells, carbon source to build

Question 11

General formula of monosaccharides

Answer 11

(CH2O)n

Question 12

How many ring forms of Glucose(C6H12O6)?

Answer 12

2

Question 13

Dissaccharide

Answer 13

2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Question 14

Types of polysaccharides

Answer 14

Cellulose, starch(branch and no branch) ,glycogen

Question 15

Use case of starch in plants and animals

Answer 15

energy storage(excess) , animals use hydrolysis to get energy

Question 16

Use case of cellulose in plants

Answer 16

Reinforce plant cell wall(structural support)

Question 17

Why can animals not digest cellulose?

Answer 17

Lack of enzymes for Beta glycosidic linkage

Question 18

Use case of glycogen in animals

Answer 18

Branched so stored in liver and muscle(energy storage)

Question 19

Use case of chitin(polysaccharide) in animals

Answer 19

structural support

Question 20

Characteristics of lipids

Answer 20

not polymers(insoluble water, hydrophobic)

Question 21

3 kinds of lipids

Answer 21

fats, phospholipids, steroids

Question 22

What are fats(saturated and unsaturated) constructed from?

Answer 22

glycerol, 3 fatty acids

Question 23

Fatty Acids

Answer 23

long hydrocarbons(16-20C atoms) with hydroxyl group at one end(nonpolar)

Question 24

Other names of fats

Answer 24

triglycerides, triacyglycerols

Question 25

How are fats formed?

Answer 25

dehydration reaction -> ester linkage

Question 26

Why are fats good energy storage?

Answer 26

twice as much Energy per gram as polysaccharide

Question 27

Other functions of fats

Answer 27

Prevent heat loss, protect internal organ

Question 28

Saturated Fat

Answer 28

No carbon double bonds -> maximum number of H atoms

Question 29

Characteristics of saturated fats

Answer 29

straight chains, solid at room temperature, animal sources

Question 30

unsaturated fats

Answer 30

at least one double bond carbon

Question 31

Characteristics of unsaturated fats

Answer 31

bend in backbone, liquid at room temperature, from plants and fish

Question 32

Phospholipids characteristics

Answer 32

Consists of glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group + hydrophilic group(head)

Question 33

Amphipatic

Answer 33

has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Question 34

Which parts are hydrophobic and which are hydrophilic?

Answer 34

Phosphate = hydrophilic

Question 35

Are fatty acids hydrophobic?

Answer 35

yes

Question 36

What happens to phospholipids in water?

Answer 36

forms aggregates called micelles

Question 37

What happens to phospholipids in cell membranes?

Answer 37

forms lipid bilayer

Question 38

Characteristic of steroids

Answer 38

4 fused C rings

Question 39

most important steroid

Answer 39

cholesterol

Question 40

Proteins def

Answer 40

molecular tools of the cell

Question 41

Monomer name of proteins - how many types are there? image below of backbone https://prnt.sc/yMNv97DfbVQD

Answer 41

amino acids, 20

Question 42

Characteristics of amino acids

Answer 42

have common sequence of atoms(backbone) and variable side chain(R)

Question 43

polymer of amino acids

Answer 43

polypeptide - protein can have 1 or more

Question 44

name of bonds between amino acids

Answer 44

peptide bond

Question 45

How can polypeptides become proteins?

Answer 45

folding into specific shape

Question 46

Protein denaturation

Answer 46

Heating protein to lose 3d structure and thus function

Question 47

use of nucleic acids

Answer 47

store and transmit heritable information

Question 48

2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 48

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 49

What is DNA?

Answer 49

blueprint/instruction manual of the cell

Question 50

What do genes do?

Answer 50

Instructions to make proteins

Question 51

Gene

Answer 51

basic physical and functional unit of heredity

Question 52

Chromosome

Answer 52

Strands of DNA containing 100s to 1000s of genes

Question 53

replication of DNA def

Answer 53

making a copy of a DNA molecule.

Question 54

transcription def

Answer 54

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Question 55

3 types of RNA

Answer 55

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Question 56

function of Messenger RNA

Answer 56

directs synthesis of protein through translation

Question 57

function of transfer RNA

Answer 57

delivery vehicle during protein synthesis

Question 58

function of ribosomal RNA

Answer 58

Makes up structure of ribosome

Question 59

What are nucleic acids polymers of?

Answer 59

nucleotides

Question 60

2 Types of N bases

Answer 60

purines and pyrimidines

Question 61

Composition of nucleotides

Answer 61

N base, pentose sugar, phosphate

Question 62

Pyrimidines in DNA

Answer 62

Cytosine and Thymine

Question 63

Pyrimidines in RNA

Answer 63

cytosine and uracil

Question 64

Purines in DNA and RNA

Answer 64

Adenine and Guanine

Question 65

What is the linkage of connecting pentose sugar to another phosphate called? And what is the backbone called?

Answer 65

phosphodiester bond - formed by dehydration

Question 66

sugar phosphate backbone image

Answer 66

https://prnt.sc/1RFAnAdoS9F4

Question 67

What does DNA look like?

Answer 67

double stranded helix

Question 68

How many h bonds between A and T?

Answer 68

2

Question 69

How many H bonds between G and C?

Answer 69

3

Question 70

Sequence of bases

Answer 70

Determines what the gene will produce - all genes different

Question 71

How many strands does RNA have? What are their characteristics?

Answer 71

single strand - can fold and complement itself

Question 72

What is catabolism

Answer 72

process of breaking down complex molecules into smaller units

Question 73

What type of reaction are catabolic processes

Answer 73

exergonic

Question 74

Anabolism

Answer 74

Constructing or synthesizing molecules from smaller units

Question 75

What type of reaction are anabolic processes?

Answer 75

endergonic

Question 76

What is the bond if 2 atoms have very close electronegativity?

Answer 76

non polar

Question 77

What is maximum amount of H bonds water molecules can form?

Answer 77

4

Question 78

What does a dehydration reaction do? https://prnt.sc/IDrPKgNalHQz

Answer 78

synthesizes a polymer by removing a water molecule

Question 79

What does hydrolysis do?

Answer 79

breaks down a polymer by adding water and thus releases a monomer

Question 80

What is the most common monosacchride

Answer 80

Glucose C6H12O6

Question 81

What do the corners with no letters represent? https://prnt.sc/IbmAcbQ7frHh

Answer 81

Carbon

Question 82

Hydroxyl group def

Answer 82

functional group with one oxygen and hydrogen, is on almost all carbons

Question 83

Take a look at the ring forms of glucose in aqueous solutions

Answer 83

https://prnt.sc/BVDJdWA0BKB9

Question 84

What is a glycosidic linkage?

Answer 84

type of covalent bond that connects two sugar molecules

Question 85

What type of polysaccharide is this https://prnt.sc/kWaBH9Uc4ih4

Answer 85

Glycogen

Question 86

What type of polysaccharide is this https://prnt.sc/dyHanrOf4EQZ

Answer 86

Starch( with a glucose)

Question 87

What type of glucose is this https://prnt.sc/ancsS_Rd89DP

Answer 87

Alpha

Question 88

Look at what glycerol looks like

Answer 88

https://prnt.sc/xQH2kinIVKgQ

Question 89

What is an ester linkage?

Answer 89

covalent bond between carboxyl and hydroxyl group(OH)

Question 90

Look at this image of a fat molecule

Answer 90

https://prnt.sc/KRKbqhRoIBOA

Question 91

Look at this image of a phospholipid

Answer 91

https://prnt.sc/rysoZuPJDrgo

Question 92

Look at this image of a phospholipid bilayer

Answer 92

https://prnt.sc/oQeGx5YSbK2S

Question 93

Look at this image of a steroid

Answer 93

https://prnt.sc/sbS4ZHP3zltb

Question 94

What type of reaction joins amino acids?

Answer 94

dehydration

Question 95

What do hormonal proteins do?

Answer 95

coordination of an organism's activities ex insulin

Question 96

What do receptor proteins do

Answer 96

response of cell to stimuli

Question 97

What do contractile and motor proteins do?

Answer 97

Movement (contraction of muscles, etc)

Question 98

What do enzymatic proteins do?

Answer 98

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Question 99

What do defensive proteinsdo?

Answer 99

Protection against disease

Question 100

What do transport proteins do?

Answer 100

transport of substances like hemoglobin, traporting oxygens

Question 101

WHat do storage proteins do?

Answer 101

storage of amino acids, such as casein