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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cell are bacteria and archaea?

A

Prokaryotic

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2
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have?

A

A nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

What is a virus?

A

A viral genome enclosed in a protective coat

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4
Q

What is a viral genome?

A

Single or double stranded DNA/RNA

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5
Q

What is the protective coat of virus protein called?

A

Capsomere

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6
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Within a host cell (specific organisms)

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7
Q

What is a membrane?

A

A selective barrier

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8
Q

What are biological membranes formed from?

A

2 layers of phospholipids

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9
Q

How are components of the endomembrane system interrelated indirectly?

A

Vesicles (sacs)

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10
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

A membrane bound organelle which contains DNA

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11
Q

What is the nuclear envelope/membrane?

A

A phospholipid bilayer that forms nuclear pores when fused

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the nuclear lamina?

A

To maintain the shape of the nucleus

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13
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Site of synthesis of rRNA

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14
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

An extensive membranous network of tubules and sacs continuous with the nuclear envelope

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15
Q

What are the characteristics and function of Smooth ER?

A

No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, detoxification, stores Ca2+ in muscles

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16
Q

What are the characteristics and function of Rough ER?

A

Has ribosomes, synthesis of secreted proteins, produces membranes that can be added to other membranes

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17
Q

What is the function and composition of ribosomes?

A

Synthesize proteins, formed of rRNA and ribosomal proteins

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18
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes (in cytoplasm, cytosolic protein synthesis) and Bound ribosomes (in ER)

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19
Q

Where do newly synthesized proteins depart from in transport vehicles?

A

ER

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20
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

The shipping and receiving department

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21
Q

How are proteins modified in the Golgi apparatus?

A

By adding and removing carbohydrate groups (glycoproteins)

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22
Q

What are proteins packaged into in the Golgi?

A

Transport vesicles

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23
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes and acidic pH(4.5-5)

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24
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Intracellular digestion, digests damaged organelles/macromolecules

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25
What is phagocytosis?
Plasma membrane engulfs particle then forms vacuole
26
What are the three types of vacuoles?
Food, contractile, central
27
What do food vacuoles do?
Break down food using digestive enzymes (digestion in protozoa)
28
What is the function of a contractile vacuole?
Pump water out of cell - because a lot of organisms live in high water concentration
29
What is the function of a central vacuole?
Storage (for waste), protection, maintain pressure
30
What is the function of mitochondria?
Energy transformer of eukaryotic cells (where cellular respiration happens) - produces ATP in presence of oxygen
31
What are the characteristics of the outer membrane of mitochondria?
Smooth and highly permeable for ions and small molecules
32
What are the characteristics of the inner membrane of mitochondria?
Extensively folded into cristae, contains enzymes involved in cellular respiration
33
What is the matrix filled by?
DNA, ribosomes, enzymes
34
What are chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis and energy transformer of plant cells Light + CO2 + H2O -> Glucose + O2
35
What is chlorophyll?
Green pigment in chloroplasts
36
What is stroma?
Fluid in inner bilayer of chloroplasts that contain DNA, ribosomes, enzymes - contains thylakoids (stacked into grana)
37
What is a peroxisome?
Phospholipid bilayer that contains oxidative enzymes
38
What is the function of peroxisomes in animals?
Enzymes that detoxify, break down fatty acids
39
What is the function of peroxisomes in plants?
Glyoxysomes contain enzymes that breakdown stored fats
40
What are the three types of fiber in the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, microfilament, intermediate filament
41
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Organelle movement, maintain and change cell shape, cell movement, muscle contraction
42
What are microtubules composed of?
Hollow tubes made from tubulin
43
What is cytoplasmic streaming?
Move fluid through cell to circulate contents
44
True or False? Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic
True
45
Characteristic of prokaryotic cells
No nucleus, so DNA is stored in nucleoid and NO membrane-bound organelle
46
Shape of protective virus coat?
rod shaped or polyhedral
47
What is the envelope of a virus?
membrane covering capsid which contains glycoproteins + viral proteins
48
Define obligate intracellular parasite
organism (such as a virus, bacterium, or protozoan) that must live and reproduce inside a host cell because it cannot survive or replicate independently.
49
Give an example of how viruses are host specific
HIV infects white blood cells
50
All membrane bound organelles in endomembrane system
Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuole
51
True or False? Biological membranes contain proteins
True
52
True or False? Membranes allow different conditions in different organelles, they create different envieronments within the cell and they facilitate specific metabolic function
True
53
Cytoplasm def
gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell(has water)
54
What happens in the nucleus?
Dna replicates => DNA polymerase and synthesis of RNA => RNA polymerase
55
What are nuclear pores?
a series of openings found in the cell's nuclear membrane
56
What is cytosol?
a fluid present in the cell membrane
57
What is the cisternae?
A flattened membraneous sac in golgi
58
How do lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion?
Lysosomes fuses with a food vacuole which was produced during phagocytosis
59
Why do lysosomes break down and destroy things?
Protect cell, regular maintenance, recycle intracellular components
60
What is autophagy?
cell degrades and recycles its own damaged or unnecessary components.
61
what is vesicle budding?
cellular process in which small, membrane-bound sacs called vesicles are formed by pinching off from a larger membrane compartment
62
Name the 3 membrane bound organelles not in endomembrane system
Mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisome
63
True or False? The mitochondria has a double phospholipid bilayer
True
64
Endosymbiosis theory short def
mitochondria and chloroplasts were engulfed by host
65
Do peroxisomes have a double phospholipid bilayer?
no
66
What is the cytoskeleton?
dynamic network of protein fibers found in the cytoplasm(skeleton)
67
What are microtubules involved in?
Cell shape, organelle movement, chromosome movement, cell motility(cilia and flagella)
68
What are microfilaments involved in?
Cell shape, muscle contraction, cell motility and cell division(cleavage furrow), cytoplasmic streaming
69
What are actin filaments composed of?
Solids rods made from actin
70
What are intermediate filaments composed of?
solid rods made from keratin
71
What are intermediate filaments involved in?
Cell shape, fix organelle location, nuclear lamina shape rigidity
72
How do flagella move?
wavelike motion, long
73
How do cilia move?
oar (rowing)
74
What are cell walls present in?
Plants, bacteria, fungi etc.
75
What is composition of cell wall in plants and protists?
cellulose

Bio (13 decks)

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