Translation

Question 1

Is DNA a major player of translation? what does it do

Answer 1

directs the synthesis of mRNA through the process of transcription

Question 2

Is Ribosomal RNA a major player of translation? what does it do and where is it made

Answer 2

made in the nucleolus, associates with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes

Question 3

is Transfer RNA a major player of translation? What does it do

Answer 3

transports specific amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Question 4

is Messenger RNA a major player of translation? what does it do

Answer 4

serves as the template for protein synthesis through process of translation

Question 5

What are the main differences for transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 5

mrna processing, transcription and translation are seperate processes

Question 6

give a definition of translation

Answer 6

the synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule

Question 7

Codon def

Answer 7

triplets of nucleotides on mRNA

Question 8

what do ribosomes do?

Answer 8

catalyze the formation of peptide bonds => read the mRNA and help with tRNA synthesize a polypeptide

Question 9

Anticodon def

Answer 9

sequence of 3 bases that are complementary to a codon on mRNA strand

Question 10

What is the amino acid attachment site

Answer 10

specific amino acid attached in tRNA

Question 11

What does tRNA have

Answer 11

amino acid attachment site, anticodon

Question 12

True or False mRNA is complementary to DNA and antiparallel so goes from 5 to 3

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What are the three steps of translation, which turns nucleotides into amino acids?

Answer 13

Initiation, elongation, termination

Question 14

True or False: Steps for translation dont require protein factors or energy

Answer 14

False

Question 15

What is the start and methionine genetic code?

Answer 15

AUG

Question 16

Why is redundancy a good thing for translation => UUU and UUC both code for Phe

Answer 16

If a small mistake happens in DNA, it might not change the protein, more resistant to errors

Question 17

What is messenger RNA?

Answer 17

an RNA copy of a DNA template, carries information for protein synthesis

Question 18

What is ribosomal RNA?

Answer 18

A component of ribosomes made in the nucleolus and combines with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

Question 19

True or False? Ribosomes have two subunits

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What are ribosomes formed from? How do they read mRNA

Answer 20

rRNA and ribosomal proteins, from 5 to 3

Question 21

What do ribosomes have binding sites for

Answer 21

mRNA(small) and tRNA(3 sites, large)

Question 22

What are the 3 tRNA binding sites in ribosomes

Answer 22

E site, P site, A site

Question 23

What happens during initiation of translation? DOes it require initiation factors?

Answer 23

Yes, small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA, initiator tRNA binds to mRNA, large ribosomal subunit binds to small subunit

Question 24

Which site is initiator tRNA positioned in?

Answer 24

P site

Question 25

Reading frame def

Answer 25

how the ribosome groups mRNA nucleotides into 3 letter codons

Question 26

What happens during elongation step of translation?

Answer 26

Codon recognition, peptide bond formation and translocation

Question 27

Characteristics of codon recognition

Answer 27

mRNA codon at A site forms H bonds with anticodon of incoming tRNA, gtp required

Question 28

Characteristics of peptide bond formation in translation

Answer 28

Growing polypeptide transferred form tRNA in P site to tRNA in A site, forming a peptide bond

Question 29

Characteristics of translocation in translation

Answer 29

Growing peptide in A site moved to P site

Question 30

directionality: Polypeptides elongate from where to where?

Answer 30

N to C terminus

Question 31

What happens during termination

Answer 31

Stop codon reaches A site, release fiactor binds to stop codon, bond between tRNA in P site and polypeptide chain is hydrolyzed, polypeptide released, ribosome dissociates and leaves mRNA

Question 32

Mutation def

Answer 32

Any change to the sequence of bases in DNA

Question 33

2 Types of Mutations

Answer 33

Base pair substitution and insertions/deletions

Question 34

What is base pair substitution/point mutation

Answer 34

replacement of one nucleotide with another

Question 35

What are insertions or deletions

Answer 35

Addition or loss of nucleotides

Question 36

Types of Base pair substitution

Answer 36

Silent, Missense, Nonsense

Question 37

What do all types of base pair substitutions do?

Answer 37

Silent: no change in amino acid sequence Missense: amino acid changes Nonsense: New codon codes for a stop, translation ends early

Question 38

Types of base pair insertion or deletions

Answer 38

Frameshift mutations and no frameshift mutation

Question 39

What are frameshift mutations

Answer 39

Alters reading frame of mRNA, so all codons after mutation are changed because insertion/deletion is not multiple of 3

Question 40

What happens when no frameshift mutation

Answer 40

Does not alter reading frame, as insertion is multiple or 3

Question 41

Look at this example of frameshift mutation

Answer 41

The cat ate the dog add an h: Thh ecatat eth edo g