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Genetics part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What laws belong to Gregor Mendel?

A

Law of segregation and law of independent assortment

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2
Q

Why did Mendel use pea plants for his hypothesis

A

Mating could be controlled, generation time is short, easily observable characters(color, shape, etc)

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3
Q

What did Mendel hypothesize in 1866(before DNA discovery)

A

Parents transmit traits to their offspring

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4
Q

Mendel definition of a character

A

a detectable, inheritable feature

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5
Q

Mendel definition of a trait

A

variant of a character(blonde hair, purple or white flower)

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6
Q

True or False? During Mendel experiments, he tracked only characters that occurred in 2 distinct alternative forms
ex: only checked if flower colour was purple or white

A

True

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7
Q

What are true breeding plants?

A

plants that produced only same variety as parent plant and self pollinated over many generations

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8
Q

What was Mendel’s first experiment?

A

crossed a true breeding purple pea plant with white pea plant

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9
Q

What was the result of Mendel first experiment?

A

all the offspring had purple flowers
meaning: the purple trait masked the white trait or the white trait disappeared

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10
Q

After the F1 generation produced offspring to F2 Generation, what happened?

A

1/4 of offspring had white flowers(came back) and rest were purple

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11
Q

What is the conclusion of the F2 generation results?

A

There must be 2 copies of each gene, and the white trait was recessive so 2 copies are required for the white trait

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12
Q

What does the law of segregation say?

A

Traits do not disappear, but are hidden when dominant traits are there

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13
Q

Alleles def

A

alternative forms of genes

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14
Q

Locus def

A

a specific location on a chromosome

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15
Q

True or False: Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles

A

True

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16
Q

Do non homologous chromosomes have the same gene loci?

A

No

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17
Q

State the full mendel law of segregation

A

2 alleles for a character segregate during gamete formation(end up in different gametes), egg gets only one of two alleles present in somatic cells

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18
Q

If there are different alleles present, what is the chance that they get dominant or recessive allele

A

50/50

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19
Q

If individual is true breeding, will all gametes have identical alleles for particular character?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What is monohybrid cross for

A

tracking the inheritance of a single character(ex: flower color)

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21
Q

What does monohybrid cross do

A

analyzes the different possible combinations of parental gametes

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22
Q

Phenotype def

A

observable traits of organism, such as white or purple flower

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23
Q

Genotype def

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A

genes of an organism

24
Q

What are the possible genotypes?

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A

Homozygous and Heterozygous(both alleles same or 2 diff alleles)

25
What is a punnett square?
square that predicts outcome of a genetic cross
26
Based on what you know about mendelian genetics, how would you design an experiment to determine genotype of a flower that displayed a dominant phenotype(purple)
If purple is PP, all offspring will be purple and if it is Pp, 50% will be white 50% purple - We will cross the unknown with a pp white flower, because it can only contribute a p allele
27
Monohybrid def
An organism heterozygous for one trait
28
Monohybrid cross actual def
cross between heterozygotes for one character
29
What is mendels law of independent assortment
Characters are independently sorted from each other(inherited seperately)
30
True or False? Paternal genes have to stay together during gamete formation
False
31
What was Mendel's experiment for law of independent assortment
He followed two characters, seed color and seed shape to determine
32
Dihybrid def
Individuals heterozygous for two character (ex: YyRr)
33
What would be hypothesis of dependent assortment?
The F1 generation has YyRr, so next generation would only be with YR, yr, YR and yr for sperm and egg
34
What would be hypothesis of independent assortment?
We could have YR, Yr, yR and yr sperm and eggs, huge variety
35
Restate the law of independent assortment
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation *applies only to genes on different homologous chromosomes
36
How do laws of probability govern mendelian inheritance?
Flip a coin, probabilities of all outcomes must add up to 1, and these coin flips are independent events
37
What is the best way to calculate probabilities for dihybrid cross?
multiply individual trait probabilities(make two punnet squares)
38
How can meiosis explain the law of segregation?
Homologous chromosomes separate during gamete formation, Allele pairs segregate during gamete formation => plant Pp gives rise to gametes that only P or p
39
How can meiosis explain law of independent assortment?
metaphase 1: paternal chromosomes do not have to be on same side or maternal
40
What is complete dominance
when Phenotype of heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable
41
What is incomplete dominance?
Intermediate phenotype, both alleles can be capital letters as neither is completely dominant
42
What happens to incomplete dominance in f1 and f2 generation? use example of white and red flower
In f1: turn pink as both are intermediate In f2: there will be red and pink and white 1:2:1 ratio
43
What is codominance?
Heterozygotes fully express both alleles, phenotypes of both are exhibited => both capital letters
44
For the ABO blood group, what are the three alleles and their carbohydrates?
IA(a), IB(b), i(recessive with no carbohydrate)
45
True or False? Your immune system forms antibodies against blood types that are not yours
True - O has anti A and anti B, AB has no antibodies
46
Characteristics of multiple alleles non mendelian genetics
One gene has more than two alleles, for example blood type is controlled by 3 alleles(however will only have 2)
47
What is pleiotropy?
ability of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects ex: gene that determines flower color can also affect color of coating
48
What is epistasis?
Gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus. ex: A gene 1 controls the production of pigment, another gene 2 determines if pigment will be deposited
49
What is polygenic inheritance?
Additive effect of two or more genes leads to a single phenotypic character ex: simplified 3 gene model for skin color: light skin allele = no melanin, dark skin allele = melanin - # of light and dark alleles that an individual inherits determines skin color
50
What is sex linked inheritance?
Traits that are determined by genes on sex chromosomes
51
True or False? Sex linked genes are usually located on x chromosome which contains many more genes than y
True
52
How is sex determined in humans?
The egg always carries an x chromosome and one half of sperm has Y, so a mating has a 50/50 chance of producing male or female
53
WHat does the fact that males can only carry one copy of x chromosome mean for recessive traits on x chromosome?
a single recessive allele on their one x chromosome will cause trait
54
For females, give me an example of what normal but with carrier phenotype looks like
XG Xg(g being recessive disease)
55
X inactivation def
Females have two X chromosomes but only one stays active in each cell. Embryonic cells will inactivate one of the two chromosomes
56
What is a barr body?
Dense object that is a clump from the inactive chromosome, genes inactive
57
True or False? Environment can impact phenotype, for example flowers with same genotype will have different color intensities
True

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