Central Nervous System Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What does the nervous system do?
A
It is the “hard wire” control for the body
2
Q
2 divisions of nervous system
A
CNS
PNS
3
Q
What makes up CNS
A
Brain and spinal cord
4
Q
What is PNS?
A
Nerves that extend out
5
Q
2 parts of PNS
A
1) Afferent
2) Efferent
6
Q
What is Afferent?
A
Sensory (flows up)
7
Q
What is Efferent?
A
Carries out command (down)
8
Q
2 parts of Efferent
A
1) Somatic
2) Autonomic
9
Q
What is somatosensory?
A
Division of afferent that we feel consciously (pain, smell, equilibrium)
10
Q
What is visceral stimuli?
A
Afferent; involuntary sensation that controls things like blood pressure
-gets info from sympathetic/parasympathetic
11
Q
Somatic nervous system
A
Part of efferent; motor neurons that go to skeletal muscle and under our control.
12
Q
Autonomic
A
Part of efferent; controls visceral function (involuntary)
13
Q
2 parts of autonomic
A
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
14
Q
What is a sympathetic responses
A
Fight/Flight
15
Q
What is a parasympathetic response?
A
Rest/Relax
16
Q
What 3 body parts does sympathetic/parasympathetic control?
A
1) Smooth muscle
2) cardiac muscle
3) glands
17
Q
What is Ramon y Cajal responsible for?
A
Golgi staining to see neuronal cells
18
Q
Another name for cell body of a neuron
A
Soma
19
Q
What is in cell body?
A
Nucleus and organelles
20
Q
What are dendrites of nerve cell?
A
Extensions from cell body (dendritic trees)
21
Q
What do dendrites do?
A
Provide input to nerve cell
22
Q
What is axon hillock?
A
Where action potential begins after stimulation
23
Q
What is axon?
A
Tail of nerve cell
24
Q
What is the end point of the axon called?
A
Axon terminal
25
Where does one cell communicate to another cell?
From axon terminals to dendrites
26
What is insulation of axon called?
Myelination
27
What helps to speed up and preserve electrical signal along an axon?
Myelin sheath
28
What is myelin sheath in PNS called?
Schwan cells
29
Spaces between myelination?
Nodes of Ranvier
30
What is myelination of CNS called?
Oligodendrocytes
31
What is another name for oligodendrocytes?
Glial cells
32
How do oligodendrocytes myelinate?
With foot-like projections that wrap around the axon
33
What is a neuronal cell that connects Afferent and Efferent neurons?
Interneuron
34
What is difference in voltage across a membrane called?
Membrane potential
35
What is the charge of ECF?
Positive
36
What is charge of ICF?
Negative
37
What is resting membrane potential for a cell?
-70mV
38
What is the major ion of ECF?
Na+
39
What are major components in ICF?
K+
Amino Acids and proteins (negatively charged)
40
What is a separation or difference in charge called?
Potential
41
What is the separation of charge across the membrane called?
Membrane potential
42
If chemical and electrical are equal in size and pointed in opposite directions (equilibrium reached), what is that called?
Equilibrium potential
43
What are 2 types of tissue where membrane potential will change dramatically?
Muscle and nerves
44
Why do muscle and nerve cells change?
Because they are excitable cells
45
What is a major fluctuation in membrane potential called?
Action potential
46
What charge is the threshold potential?
-50mV
47
What does -50mV trigger the opening of in the membrane?
Voltage gated Na+ channels
48
What causes repolarization/hyper polarization of the cell after action potential is maxed?
Leaking of K+ from the cell
49
What are the protections to the CNS?
1) skull and meninges
2) CSF
3) blood brain barrier
50
What are tough connective tissues that protect the brain?
Meninges
51
What are the 3 meninges?
1) dura
2) arachnoid
3) pia mater
52
Which meninge has blood vessels?
Arachnoid
53
Where is CSF formed?
Choroid plexus
54
How much CSF is there?
125-150ml
55
What is the difference of CSF compared to blood?
Lower K+
Lower protein
Higher Na+
56
Cells of CNS have what resting membrane potential?
-85mV
57
Cells of the body have action potential more easily than the cells of the brain and spinal cord, t/f?
True
58
What would happen if cells of the brain and spinal cord were excited too easily?
Seizures
59
What is the highly selective network of cells and capillaries that protects the brain from substances crossing?
Blood brain barrier
60
What is the primary energy source of the CNS?
Oxygen and glucose
61
What do astrocytes and ependymal cells do in BBB?
Prevent substances from entering
62
How is glucose transferred through the BBB from plasma to IF?
Insulin independent membrane transporters
63
What are basic functions of the brain?
Regulate Homeostasis
Emotion
Movement
Senses
Memory
Cognition
64
Which matter has cell bodies, synapses, dendrites, neuroglia?
Gray matter
65
What matter has myelinated axon fibers?
White matter
66
What is CNS gray matter called?
Nucleus
67
What is gray matter of PNS called?
Ganglion
68
What lobe deals with vision
Occipital
69
What lobe for hearing?
Temporal
70
What lobe for motor?
Frontal
71
What part in frontal lobe controls voluntary movement?
Primary motor cortex
72
What part in frontal lobe controls learned/planned movement (tie shoes)?
Pre-motor cortex
73
What part in frontal lobe controls sequenced movement (dance)?
Supplementary motor area
74
What lobe deals with body sensations?
Parietal
75
Primary somatosenory cortex senses body sensations, t/f?
True
76
Somatosensory association area (behind primary) senses what?
Texture, shape
77
What part of frontal lobe deals with emotion and social integration?
Prefrontal cortex
78
What doesn’t fully develop until adulthood?
Prefrontal cortex
79
In what hemisphere are language areas?
Left
80
What part of left frontal lobe is responsible for muscles involved in speech?
Broca’s area
81
What area in left temporal lobe is AV processing and comprehension?
Wernicke’s area
82
What is responsible for fine tuning of motor, sensory and emotional input/output
Basal nuclei (aka basal ganglia)
83
Where is basal nuclei?
Deep in cerebrum (gray matter)
84
What part of the brain is involved in balance, movement planning and execution?
Cerebellum
85
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Subconscious motor coordination
86
What part of the brain is affected in Parkinson’s?
Basal nuclei
87
What part of the brain is affected if there are constant tremors?
Cerebellum
88
What is sensory filter?
Thalamus
89
What controls homeostasis and endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
90
What regulates body temperature?
Hypothalamus
91
What regulates water balance and thirst?
Hypothalamus
92
What is our emotional response system?
Limbic system
93
3 parts of brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medula
94
Where is the Reticular Activating System (RAS)?
Midbrain
95
What does RAS do?
Filters sensory input, attention, arousal of cerebral cortex
96
What does midbrain control?
Superior = visual
Inferior = hearing
97
What does Pons control?
Breathing rhythm
98
What do pyramids of medulla contain?
Motor fibers
99
What do medulla olives do?
Relay info to cerebrum and cerebellum
100
What do autonomic nuclei of medulla control?
Heart rate
BP
Breathing
Vomiting, coughing…
101
Dorsal spinal cord
Afferent
102
Ventral spinal cord
Efferent
103
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
104
What is a specific surface region of the body innervate by a spinal nerve?
Dermatome
105
How many pairs of cranial nerves?
12
106
Cranial nerves connect directly to the
Brain
107
What is a sensory pathway that goes up to the brain?
Afferent
108
What is a motor response to a stimulus?
Efferent
109
What is a simple, involuntary pathway from spinal cord?
Reflex
