Foundations Flashcards by Carissa McCormack

What is the smallest living unit in the body?

Cell

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What are the 5 vital functions of the body?

1) Respiration
2) digestion
3) metabolism
4) elimination
5) reproduction

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How many elements are there?

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Name 4 most abundant elements in the body

1) Oxygen
2) Carbon
3) hydrogen
4) Nitrogen

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What % is Oxygen?

65%

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How much % is Carbon

18%

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What does the # of protons determine?

Atomic #

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True/False: Atoms have equal number of protons and electrons

True

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of Protons + # of Neutrons =?

Atomic weight

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How many electrons are in each shell?

1st = 2
2nd+ = 8

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What is the outer-most electron shell called?

Valence shell

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What makes an atom most stable?

When 8 electrons in valence shell

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What is it called when one atom donates an electron to another atom to fill its valence shell?

Ionic bond

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What happens to donor of an electron?

Becomes + (cation)

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What happens to receiver of an electron?

Becomes - (anion)

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What is it called when 2 atoms share 2 electrons?

Double covalent bond

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What is it called when a pair of atoms share 1 electron?

Single covalent bond

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What is a polar bond?

When one atom hogs an electron in a covalent bond

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What is a non polar bond?

When 2 atoms share electron evenly

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What is it called when 2 smaller molecules make a larger molecule?

Synthesis

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What is it called when bonds of a larger molecule are broken and makes 2 smaller molecules?

Decomposition

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What is it called when bonds of a molecule are broken and rearranged to form new molecule?

Exchange

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What is an organic compound?

Contain Carbon + hydrogen

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What is inorganic compound?

Do not contain both C and H

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How much of our bodies are water?

60%

What donates H+ ions to a solution?

Acids

What accepts H+ ions in a solution?

Bases

What donates OH- in a solution?

Bases

What is pH of blood?

7.4

pH scale is measured in powers of what?

What are the special bonds between water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds

What level of protein structure involves a specific pattern of folding?

Tertiary

What is the Calcium-Sodium exchanger an example of?

Secondary active transport

How many nucleotides on a strand of RNA is used to code a single amino acid?

Glandular tissue is a special form of what?

Epithelial tissue

What molecules can pass easily across the plasma membrane?

Nonpolar Lipid soluble Hydrophobic

What is a hydrogen bond?

When a weakly + H atom that is already bonded to a - atom gets attracted to another electro - atom from another molecule.

What are enzymes?

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions

What is study of cell structure called?

Cytology

What is study of tissue structure?

Histology

What is homeostasis?

Dynamic steady state

What does water do in the body?

1) regulates temperature 2) cushions 3) moves digestion 4) dissolves minerals 5) carries nutrients to cells 6) lubricates joints

What is a universal solvent?

Water

What are qualities of water?

1) high heat capacity 2) high surface tension 3) low viscosity 4) medium for chemical reactions

What forms when a cation and an anion bond?

Salt

Carbs that need to be broken down

Polysaccharides and disaccharides

5 monosaccharides

1) glucose 2) fructose 3) galactose 4) deoxyribose 5) ribose

3 disaccharides

1) sucrose 2) lactose 3) maltose

What is fructose + glucose

Sucrose

What is galactose + glucose

Lactose

What is glucose + glucose?

Maltose

3 polysaccharides

1) starch (complex carbs) 2) glycogen (glucose stores) 3) cellulose (fiber)

What is another name for a neutral fat?

Triglycerides

What makes up a triglyceride?

Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains

Fat made of long carbon chain with all C spots are occupied by H (straight)?

Saturated fat

Fat made of long carbon chain where C spots aren’t all occupied by H (kinked)?

Unsaturated fat

2 Fatty acid + glycerol + phosphate

Phospholipid

Quality of phospholipid

1 end is polar (interacts with water) 1 end is nonpolar

Rigid, ring-shaped fats that are bases for hormones

Sterols (cholesterol)

Phospholipids in a cell membrane

Prostaglandin

What determines a protein function?

Structure/shape

How many amino acids?

What is primary protein structure?

Amino acid; linear

What is secondary protein structure?

Aminos form heli or pleats

What is tertiary protein structure?

Groups fold

Quarternary protein structure?

Covalent bonds bind the tertiary folds to make protein

Structural bases for DNA and RNA

Pyramidines (C,T,U) Purines (A, G) CG (dna) AT (dna) AU (rna)

What is main source of stored energy in the body

ATP

What is covered in ribosomes and processes RNA to make proteins?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

Produces proteins for specialized purposes

What are 2 organelles that are important for intercellular digestion?

Lysosome Peroxisome

What forms cyto skeleton?

Microtubules and microfilaments (also help with splitting of cell for reproduction)

What are chomatains

Bundles of chromosomes that form DNA

What is the envelope that encompasses the nucleus?

Nuclear envelope

Where does the RNA pass through from nucleus to rough endo reticulum?

Nuclear pore

What is fluid part of blood?

Plasma

How much of body weight is plasma?

~5%

What is Interstitial fluid?

Fluid between cell and blood vessel

How much of body weight is interstitial fluid?

15%

Intercellular fluid is ??

Fluid inside of cell

How much of body weight is ICF

40%

What makes up extracellular fluid?

Interstitial fluid + plasma

What substances are high OUTSIDE the cell?

Na Ca Cl Bicarbonate

What substances are high INSIDE cells?

K Mg Proteins

Structure of plasma membrane

1) structural lipids 2) proteins 3) some carbs (identity markers)

2 types of transport thru membrane

Active Passive

What channel does H2O pass thru in the cell membrane?

Aquaporins

What is movement from high concentration to low concentration?

Simple diffusion

Transport that binds to a carrier protein that flips and particle falls out

Facilitated diffusion

What does Active Transport require?

Energy to transport (roll stone uphill)

2 examples of Primary Active Transport

1) ATPase pumps (Na/K) 2) Vesicular transport

ISOtonic is

Equal inside and outside

Hypotonic

Cell swells

Hypertonic

Cell shrinks

Osmolarity is..

Number of particles in a solution

Ca/Na active transport type?

Secondary

Transporter harnesses energy by letting a sodium molecule and amino acids into the cell via

Symporters or cotransporters

When Calcium goes out of cell in exchange for sodium

Antiporter or exchanger

Foundations Flashcards

(98 cards)