Reproductive System Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 main functions of the male reproductive system?
A
1) make and deliver sperm
2) produce hormone
2
Q
Where is sperm made?
A
Testes
3
Q
What makes up the testes?
A
Coiled seminiferous tubules
4
Q
Where does sperm formation begin?
A
In the walls of the seminiferous tubules
5
Q
What do leydig cells produce?
A
Testosterone
6
Q
What is the first cell form of sperm called?
A
Spermatogonium
7
Q
Where are gametes made in females?
A
Ovaries
8
Q
Where are male gametes made
A
Testes
9
Q
What is a gamete?
A
A mature haploid male or female germ cell
10
Q
Where is sperm matured and stored?
A
Epididymus
11
Q
What is the duct that conveys sperm from the epididymus, through prostate and to the urethra
A
Vas deferens
12
Q
What is the prostate?
A
Gland beneath bladder that connects vas deferens to urethra
13
Q
Is seminal fluid made from prostate alkaline or acidic?
A
Alkaline
14
Q
Where is seminal vesicles found?
A
Behind prostate
15
Q
What does fluid from seminal vesicles contain?
A
Sucrose and fructose for energy
16
Q
What is average sperm density of semen?
A
30-50 million/ml
17
Q
What is considered an infertile sperm count?
A
Less than 20 million/ml
18
Q
What is the production of sperm called
A
Spermatogenesis
19
Q
When does sperm production begin?
A
At puberty
20
Q
How many chromosomes does a spermatogonium have?
A
46
21
Q
What is mitosis?
A
Doubling of a cell with an exact copy
22
Q
What is meiosis?
A
Parent cell makes 2 daughter cells with 1/2 chromosomes in each
23
Q
Is a primary spermatocyte diploid or haploid?
A
Diploid
24
Q
Is secondary spermatocyte diploid or haploid?
A
Haploid
25
What do Sertoli cells do?
1) make fluid to move immature sperm to epididymus
2) feed spermatoctyes
3) eat cell material
4) make andro binding proteins to store testosterone
26
What do secondary spermatocytes become?
Haploid spermatids
27
What do spermatids become?
Immature spermatozoa
28
What do cytoplasmic bridges do?
Allow movement of protein between haploid cells; assists weaker Y cells
29
What % of seminal fluid is made by prostate?
30%
30
In males, what is formed when cytoplasmic bridge between haploids breaks and cells shed most of their material?
Spermatozoa
31
Three parts of a sperm
1) head
2) mid piece
3) tail
32
What is contained in the head of a sperm?
Nucleus
33
What covers head of sperm and is below the membrane?
Acrosome
34
What does the acrosome contain?
Digestive enzymes
35
What do the digestive enzymes of the acrosome do during fertilization?
Eat away the protective layer of the ovum
36
What is the shedding of the acrosome called?
Capacitation
37
What is in the mid piece of the sperm?
Mitochondria
38
What do mitochondria do in the sperm?
Supply energy for mobility
39
What is the tail of the sperm made of?
Microtubules
40
What is released by hypothalamus to make FSH/LH
GnRH
41
What does FSH in males do?
Makes Sertoli cells in testes
42
What do Sertoli cells make that provides a negative feedback to control FSH levels?
Inhibin
43
What does LH make in males?
Leydig cells
44
What do leydig cells produce?
Testosterone needed to make sperm
45
In males, Negative feedback to pituitary and hypothalamus from leydig cells controls production of what?
LH in pituitary and GnRH in hypothalamus
46
When do gametes in women form?
Before birth
47
When do gametes in females stop forming?
Around month 5 in utero
48
How many gametes does an average female have when formation of gametes stops?
6-7 million
49
What are the gametes in females called in first phase?
Primary oocyte
50
As a few primary oocytes start to mature each month, what are they called?
Follicles
51
What layers of cells surround the oocyte in a follicle?
Granulosa cells
52
What is the gel like substance (soft shell) that surrounds oocyte in follicle?
Zona pellucida
53
What is the accumulation of fluid between granulosa layers in a follicle?
Antrum
54
How many follicles will develop antrum between granulosa layers?
Usually only 1
55
What do the outer cells of the granulosa cells become?
Thecal cells
56
What do thecal cells produce?
Estrogen
57
What determines which follicle will be released and shuts down the others?
Thecal cells release estrogen
58
How big is an immature follicle?
40 microns
59
How big is a mature follicle?
12-16mm
60
What is erectile tissue in the penis filled with?
Blood vessels
61
What helps to moisten the urethra to carry semen out?
Bulbo urethral gland
62
How much semen in average ejaculate?
5ml
63
What are the primary sexual functions of females?
1) make/store ova
2) support growth of fetus
3) birth
4) feed
64
What is all external genitalia in females called?
Vulva
65
What is the internal canal in females?
Vagina (not vulva)
66
What is the opening to the uterus?
Cervix
67
How big is a typical uterus (not during pregnancy)?
Size of a fist
68
Where does a mature ova travel to get to uterus?
Fallopian tube (ova duct)
69
What are the finger-like projections at the ends of the ova ducts?
Fimbrae
70
What is the soft tissue inner wall of the uterus?
Endometrium
71
What is the muscular layer of the uterus?
Myometrium
72
What is the female “stem cell” called?
Oogonium
73
What process does oogonium go through to make oocytes?
Mitosis
74
How many chromosomes in a primary oocyte prior to ovulation?
46
75
What does primary oocyte become during ovulation?
Secondary oocyte
76
How many chromosomes in secondary oocyte?
23
77
What do the other 23 chromosomes of the primary oocyte become once ovulation occurs?
1st polar body
78
What happens if secondary oocyte is fertilized?
Meiosis 2 occurs and results in a 2nd polar body and a fertilized egg (zygote)
79
Is FSH high or low at the beginning of menstrual cycle?
High
80
Around when does estrogen begin to increase during cycle?
Day 6-8
81
What happens to FSH when estrogen rises on Day 6-8 of cycle?
FSH falls
82
As estrogen rises and FSH falls, what does that do to LH?
Causes LH to rise via positive feedback (both estro and LH cause each other to rise)
83
What is height of LH production called?
LH surge
84
What happens during LH surge?
Ovulation is triggered
85
What happens to estrogen after ovulation?
Levels fall
86
What does the leftover follicle material become after ovulation?
Corpus luteum
87
What does corpus luteum produce?
Estrogen and progesterone
88
If no fertilization occurs, what happens to corpus luteum?
Degenerates and dies
89
What is the corona radiata?
Released egg
90
What happens if corpus luteum dies?
Estrogen and progesterone decrease and a new cycle begins
91
What hormone is produced if fertilization occurs?
HCG
92
What is the purpose of HCG?
Keeps corpus luteum alive until placenta develops
93
What kind of feedback does estrogen have with hypothalamus and pituitary up until ovulation?
Positive
94
LH surge causes an influx of what into oocyte?
Calcium
95
What does the influx of calcium in oocyte cause?
1st meiotic division
96
What is produced that helps rupture ovarian surface to release egg?
Prostaglandins
97
True/False:
When estrogen falls after ovulation, positive feedback loop is stopped and goes back to negative feedback
True
98
What causes the thickening of the endometrial lining?
Estrogen
99
What happens to thickening of endometrial lining after ovulation?
Slows
100
When endometrial lining production slows after ovulation, what happens to it?
Fills with fluid and blood
101
What is the thin mucus produced by the cervix during ovulation?
E-mucus
102
What is thick mucus made by cervix during the luteal phase?
G-mucus
103
How do oral contraceptives work?
They prohibit estrogen spike suppress ovulation
104
How do progesterone only contraceptives work?
Suppress ~ 50% of ovulation but mainly block sperm by thickening mucus
105
What cells are affected by LH during ovulation?
Thecal cells
