Skeletal Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
What is the skeletal system made up of?
A
Bones, cartilage and ligaments
2
Q
What does skeletal system do?
A
1) supports
2) facilitates movement
3) protects organs
4) produces blood cells
5) stores & releases minerals and fat
3
Q
What type of stem cell in marrow makes blood cells?
A
Hematopoietic
4
Q
What type of cells are made from hematopoietic stem cells?
A
RBCs, WBCs and platelets
5
Q
What are primary minerals stored/released in bone?
A
Calcium and phosphorus
6
Q
How many bones in the body?
A
206
7
Q
How many categories of bone?
A
5
8
Q
Name categories of bone
A
1) long
2) short
3) flat
4) irregular
5) sesamoid
9
Q
What is does long bone look like?
A
Cylinder
10
Q
What are long bones’ primary function?
A
Leverage
11
Q
What does short bone look like?
A
Cube-like
12
Q
What does short bone do?
A
Provides stability and support; some gliding motion.
13
Q
What does flat bone look like?
A
Thin, curved
14
Q
What is flat bone used for?
A
1) Points of attachment for muscle
2) protect organs
15
Q
What does irregular bone look like?
A
Complex shape
16
Q
What does irregular bone do?
A
Protects organs and supports
17
Q
What does a sesamoid bone look like?
A
Small and round (embedded in tendons)
18
Q
What does sesamoid bone do?
A
Protects from compression
19
Q
Example of long bones
A
Femur, tibia
20
Q
Example of short bones?
A
Carpals, tarsals
21
Q
Example of flat bones?
A
Sternum, ribs, cranium
22
Q
Example of irregular bone?
A
Vertebral bones, facial bones
23
Q
Example of sesamoid bone?
A
Patella
24
Q
What is the diaphysis of the bone?
A
Long shaft
25
What is the epiphysis?
2 ends of bone; form joints
26
What is medullary cavity?
Hollow of diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
27
What is yellow marrow mostly made of?
Fat
28
What is compact bone?
Makes up walls of bone; strong, dense, hard
29
What is spongy bone also called?
Cancellous bone
30
Features of spongey bone
1) Honeycomb structure
2) red marrow and stem cells
3) light-weight
31
What is metaphysis?
Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
32
Where is epiphyseal plate?
Metaphysis
33
What kind of cartilage does the metaphysis contain?
Hyaline
34
When does epiphyseal line form?
When growth plate converts to bone; growth stops
35
What delivers nutrition to the bone?
Nutrient artery
36
What is periosteum?
Outside epithelial membrane that covers compact bone
37
What is endosteum?
Epithelial membrane that covers spongey bone
38
What are the layers of the periosteum?
Fibrous layer (outside) and cellular layer (inside)
39
What are osteoclasts?
Cells in endosteum that break down bone and release minerals into blood
40
What are osteoblasts
Cells that make new bone matrix
41
What is new bone matrix made of?
Protein, collagen and Calcium/phosphorus crystals.
42
Where are osteoblasts found?
Endosteum
43
What are osteogenic cells?
Adult stem cells that produce new osteocytes
44
What are osteocytes?
Bone cells embedded in bone matrix
45
Where in bone matrix are osteocytes found?
Lacunae (“lakes”)
46
What is an articulation?
Any joint where 2 bones meet
47
Example of an articulation
Knee
48
What is the head of a bone?
Prominent round surface
49
Example of the head of a bone
Head of femur
50
What is a facet?
Flat surface
51
Example of a facet
Joints of Vertebrae
52
What is a condyle?
Rounded surface at head
53
What is an example of a condyle?
Occipital condyle where skull and spine meet
54
What are projections?
Raised markings where muscle or ligaments attach
55
What is a protuberance?
Bone that sticks out
56
What is an example of a protuberance?
Chin
57
What is a process?
Prominent outgrowth of a bone
58
What is a spine?
A sharp process
59
What is an example of a spiny process?
Pelvic sits bones
60
What is a tubercle?
A small rounded process
61
What typically attaches to a spine or tubercle?
Muscle
62
What is a tuberosity?
Rough surface
63
What is a line?
Slight and elongated ridge
64
What is an example of a line?
Temporal lines of parietal bones
65
What is a crest
A ridge
66
Example of a crest
Hipbones
67
What is a foraman?
A depression, or hole where something passes through
68
What is fossa?
Elongated indent
69
What is the example of a fossa?
The mandibular fossa
70
What is a fovea?
Small round pit where nerves or blood vessels go
71
What is a sulcus?
Groove
72
What is a canal?
Passage through bone
73
What is a fissure?
A slit through bone
74
What is a meatus?
Opening to a canal
75
What is a sinus?
Air-filled space
76
What is the ground substance of bone?
Collagen fibers + inorganic salt crystals
77
What is the main in organic salt crystal in bone?
Calcium hydroxyapatite
78
What does calcium hydroxyapatite consist of?
Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
79
What does calcium hydroxyapatite do in bone?
Gives strength and hardness
80
What other inorganic salts calcified on collagen in bone?
Magnesium hydroxide, fluoride, and sulfate
81
What purpose do other in organic salts in bone serve?
Give flexibility
82
How many types of bone cells are there?
4
83
What are the four types of bone cells?
1) osteocyte
2) osteoblasts
3) osteogenic cells
4) osteoclasts
84
What are the two types of bone?
Compact and spongy
85
What are features of compact bone?
Dense and can withstand compression
86
What is a feature of spongy bone?
Supports weight distribution
87
What is an osteon?
A structural unit of compact bone
88
What is an osteon also known as?
Haversian system
89
What is the Haversian system made of?
Rings of calcified matrix called lamellae
90
What are the rings of calcified matrix in Haversian system called?
Lamellae
91
What is the center of the osteon called?
Central canal
92
What runs through the central canal?
1) blood vessels
2) nerves
3) lymphatic vessels
93
What are Volkmann’s canals?
Right angle canals, where vessels and nerves branch, and extend from periosteum to endosteum
94
Where is spongy bone found?
1) epiphysis and metaphysis
2) center of flat bones
95
What are trabeculae?
Matrix in spongy bone along lines of stress
96
Two purposes of trabeculae spaces
1) contain red bone marrow
2) make bone light
97
What lives in trabeculae?
1) Osteocytes
2) Lacunae
98
Small opening in compact bone where arteries deliver nutrients
Nutrient foramen
99
What brings nutrients to spongy bone?
Blood vessels of periosteum
100
What 3 things do nerves do in bone?
1) sense pain
2) regulate blood supply
3) regulate bone growth
101
Where do nerves in bones typically go to?
Metabolically active areas
102
True or false: children have more bones than adults?
True; those bones fuse together in adulthood
103
What is main function of lower skeleton?
Stability for walking
104
What is main function of upper limbs?
1) mobility/ROM
2) carry/lift
105
What are parts of axial skeleton?
Head, neck, chest, back
106
What are parts of appendicular skeleton?
Limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles
107
How many bones in axial skeleton?
80
108
How many bones in skull?
29
109
What is breakdown of bones in skull?
-22 in skull
-6 ear ossicles (3 each side)
-1 Hyoid
110
How many total bones in vertebral column?
26
111
Breakdown of bones in vertebral column
-24 vertebrae
-sacrum
-coccyx
112
Number of bones in thoracic cage
25
113
Breakdown of bones in thoracic cage
-12 pairs of ribs
-sternum
114
Number of bones in appendicular skeleton
126
115
Purpose of pectoral girdle
Attach upper limbs to thoracic cage
116
Purpose of pelvic girdle
Attach vertebral column to lower limbs
117
What is the Brain Case or Brain Vault?
Houses brain, middle and inner ear
118
What is only moving bone in skull?
Mandible
119
What are sutures?
Join bones in skull
120
What is zygomatic process?
Hollow behind cheekbones where muscle runs
121
What are anterior, middle and posterior fossa in skull?
Depressions where brain base rests
122
What is mandibular fossa?
Where jaw attaches
123
What is mastoid process?
Where chewing muscles attach
124
What are occiput?
Ridges at back of head
125
What are occipital condyles?
Either side of hole in base of skull where C1 attaches.
126
What is hole in base of skull called?
Foramen magnum
127
What is jugular foramen?
Where jugular veins drains blood from brain to heart
128
What is carotid canal?
Where carotid artery brings Oxygen rich blood to brain
129
What is sella turcica?
“Turkish saddle”; where pituitary gland sits
130
What is purpose of hyoid bone?
Main attachment for the tongue
131
What delicate structures does the sphenoid bone support?
1) pituitary
2) nerves
3) blood vessels
132
Where is ethmoid located?
Between orbits; near sphenoid
133
Where are the concha?
Ethmoid
134
Condylar process is what?
Ends of mandible that attach to mandibular fossa in skull
135
What do muscles used for chewing attach to?
Coronoid process
136
What does the perpendicular ethmoid plate make up a lot of?
Nasal septum
137
What is C1 also called?
Atlas
138
What is C2 called?
Axis
139
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
140
How many thoracic vertebrae
12
141
How many lumbar vertebrae
5
142
How many (fused) bones in sacrum?
5
143
What are 2 concave curves in spine?
1) thoracic
2) sacralcoccygeal
144
What are the 4 purposes of vertebral column?
1) flexibility
2) support head, neck and body
3) allow movement
4) protect spinal cord
145
3 parts of vertibra
1) facet head of ribs (behind vertebral body)
2) transverse process (“wings”)
3) spinous process (bumps in back)
146
3 ligaments of vertebral column
1) anterior longitudinal
2) supraspinous
3) nuchal
147
Function of anterior longitudinal ligament?
1) unite vertebrae
2) prevent back flex
148
Function of supraspinous ligament?
Supports forward bend
149
Purpose of nuchal ligament
Prevents head from falling forward.
150
To what part of vertebral column are ribs anchored?
T1-12
151
What numbers are “true ribs”
1-7
152
Why are they called “true ribs”
Because they attach to the sternum
153
What are “false ribs”
8-12
154
Which numbers ribs are “floating”
11-12
155
What is the manubrium of the sternum?
Where sternum attaches to clavicle
156
Two parts of pectoral girdle
1) clavicles
2) scapulae
157
True/False: clavicle attaches to scapula in back?
True
158
What is deltoid tuberosity?
Where delts attach to diaphysis of humerous
159
What is another name for the olecranon of ulna?
Elbow
160
What is larger (longer): ulna or radius?
Ulna
161
What attaches more to the humerous, the ulna or radius?
Ulna
162
Where does radius attach to wrist?
Styloid process
163
Where does pelvic girdle attach to sacrum?
coxal bone
164
What is the joint where pelvic girdle bones meet in front called?
Pubic symphysis
165
What do ligaments of pelvic girdle do?
Stabilize
166
What ligament attaches hip joint to sacrum?
Posterior sacroiliac ligament
167
What ligament attaches sacrum to pubic area?
Sacrotuberous ligament
168
What ligament attaches front of hip joint to coccyx?
Sacrospinous
169
Features of Male pelvis
1) deeper
2) narrow
170
Features of Female pelvis
1) wider
2) shorter
3) rounded
171
Largest bone in body?
Femur
172
2nd largest bone?
Tibia
173
Largest sesamoid bone?
Patella
174
In what tendon is patella located?
Tendon of quad
175
How does femur and tibia connect?
Quad muscle
176
Which bone bears weight in lower leg?
Tibia
177
What is primary purpose of fibula?
Muscle attachment
178
What connects tibia and fibula?
Interosseous membrane
179
What are ankle bones called?
Tarsals
180
What shape are most tarsals?
Cuboidal
181
What is the largest tarsal bone?
Calcaneous (heel)
182
What is the big toe called?
Hallux
183
How many phalanges are in thumb and big toe?
2
184
2 classifications of joints?
1) structural
2) functional
185
What are the 3 types of structural joints?
1) fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3)synovial
186
What are fibrous joints?
Bones connected by fibrous connective tissue
187
Example of fibrous joints
Cranial sutures
Distal articulation of tibia and fibula
188
What are cartilaginous joints joined by?
Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
189
Examples of cartilaginous joints
1) ribs/sternum
2) vertebrae
3) pubic symphysis
190
What are synovial joints?
Joints filled with lubricating fluid
191
Which joint structure is most common in the body?
Synovial
192
Name 3 functional joints
1) synarthrosis
2) amphiarthrosis
3) diarthrosis
193
Features of synarthrosis joints
1) immobile
2) very strong
194
Feature of amphiarthrosis joint
Slightly moveable (intervertebral)
195
Feature of diarthrosis joints
Freely moveable
196
What does “arthroun” mean?
To fasten by a joint
197
What functional type of joint are synovial?
Diarthrosis
198
What functional type of joint are fibrous and cartilaginous?
Synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis; depending on location)
199
6 types of a diarthrosis joint
1) pivot
2) hinge
3) saddle
4) plane
5) condyloid
6) ball & socket
200
Example of pivot joint
C1 and C2
201
Example of a hinge joint
Elbow
202
Example of saddle joint
Trapezium (below thumb) to thumb
203
Example of plane joint
Between tarsals; slides only
204
Example of condyloid joint
Wrist; freer movement
205
Example of ball and socket
Hip
