cerebellar syndromes W3

Question 1

what does the cerebellum have connections to

Answer 1

brainstem
basal ganglia
cerebral cortex

Question 2

what connects the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

Answer 2

vermis

Question 3

what do midline cerebellar lesions result in

Answer 3

imbalance throughout whole body

Question 4

what do cerebellar lesions only affecting one hemisphere result in

Answer 4

ipsilateral incoordination

Question 5

causes of sudden onset cerebellar problems?

Answer 5

stroke
haemorrhage

Question 6

causes of cerebellar syndromes? (general categories)

Answer 6

vascular
inflammatory
neoplastic
toxic/trauma
metabolic
infectious
congenital
inherited
degenerative
drugs

Question 7

vascular causes of cerebellar syndromes?

Answer 7

stroke (infarct or haemorrhage)
TIA

Question 8

inflammatory causes of cerebellar syndromes?

Answer 8

multiple sclerosis

Question 9

neoplastic causes of cerebellar syndromes?

Answer 9

primary tumors
secondary tumors
paraneoplastic phenomena

Question 10

toxic/trauma causes of cerebellar syndromes?

Answer 10

alcohol

Question 11

metabolic causes of cerebellar syndromes?

Answer 11

hypoglycaemia
hypoxia
hypothyroidism
thiamine deficiency

Question 12

infectious causes of cerebellar syndromes?

Answer 12

bacterial (eg meningio-encephalitis)
viral (eg HIV)
parasitic (rare)

Question 13

aetiology of cerebellar disorders - acute onset?

Answer 13

infarction or haemorrhage

Question 14

aetiology of cerebellar disorders - sub-acute (hrs to days)

Answer 14

inflammatory causes - most commonly MS
viral - pyrexia, dysarthria, limb and gait ataxia
paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
alcohol
hydrocephalus
tumours
abscesses

Question 15

what particularly causes paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration

Answer 15

carcinomas of ovaries and lung

Question 16

what group are viral causes of cerebellar disorders most common in

Answer 16

children

Question 17

ataxia meaning?

Answer 17

term for group of disorders affecting co-ordination, balance and speech

Question 18

causes of episodic ataxias?

Answer 18

drugs - anticonvulsants, antineoplastic drugs
TIAs - posterior cerebral circulation
foramen magnum compression
inherited

Question 19

chronic progressive ataxias?

Answer 19

chronic alcohol excess
malnutrition
drugs
structural lesions
inherited
degenerative (eg multiple system atrophy)

Question 20

acquired mechanisms of cerebellar disorders

Answer 20

vascular/structural lesions
infectious
substrate deficiency (vitamins)
toxin/drug induced

Question 21

genetic mechanisms of cerebellar disorders

Answer 21

autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 1-49
autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia (ARCA)
episodic ataxia
mitochondrial ataxia
X-linked ataxia

Question 22

sporadic mechanisms of cerebellar disorders

Answer 22

idiopathic late-onset cerebellar ataxia
multiple system atrophy

Question 23

cerebellar disorders symptoms?

Answer 23

difficulties with rate, rhythm, and force of limb movements gait and speech
DANISH mnemonic

Question 24

DANISH?

Answer 24

Dysdiadochokinesis
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Scanning dysarthria
Heel-shin ataxia

Question 24

Ataxia meaning?

Answer 24

inco-ordination of voluntary movements, includes dysmetria

Question 25

Dysdiadochokinesis meaning?

Answer 25

inability to perform rapid alternating movements, especially of the limbs

Question 26

Nystagmus meaning?

Answer 26

rapid involuntary movement of the eyes

Question 27

Intention tremor meaning?

Answer 27

tremor exacerbated by voluntary goal-directed movements

Question 28

Scanning dysarthria meaning?

Answer 28

jerky, sometimes explosive, slurred speech, with difficulties maintaining rate, rhythm and force (results in separated syllables)

Question 29

dysmetria meaning?

Answer 29

inability to accurately judge distance leading to over or undershooting of targets and unsteady gait

Question 30

Heel-shin ataxia meaning?

Answer 30

rubbing heel against shin is uncoordinated