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command & control Y2 > Encephalitis W4 > Flashcards

Encephalitis W4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is encephalitis?

A

inflammation of the brain parenchyma (functional tissue in brain)

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2
Q

types of encephalitis?

A

viral
autoimmune/paraneoplastic

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3
Q

aetiology of viral encephalitis?

A

herpes simplex virus (HSV) (90% HSV1, 10% HSV2)
Varicella zoster (VZV)
HIV patients

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4
Q

what does varicella zoster cause other than viral encephalitis

A

chicken pox
shingles

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5
Q

co-occurring symptoms in viral encephalitis due to varicella zoster

A

dermatomal rash

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6
Q

what may be present in viral encephalitis due to varicella zoster

A

immunosuppression (due to eg HIV, steroids etc)

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7
Q

what condition should be tested for in patients with suspected viral encephalitis?

A

HIV

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8
Q

global causes of encephalitis?

A

Japanese encephalitis
west Nile
rabies

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9
Q

what is rabies?

A

a form of viral encephalitis

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10
Q

pathophysiology of viral encephalitis?

A

virus invades brain tissues
inflammation arises
secondary swelling, necrosis, haemorrhage
clinical features reflect inflammation and necrosis

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11
Q

how do different viruses invade the brain (viral encephalitis)

A

HSV - via olfactory nerves
VZV - via retrograde transport eg trigeminal nerve

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12
Q

which area of the brain does HSV classically inflame?

A

HSV causes inflammation in temporal lobes

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13
Q

clinical features of encephalitis?

A

headache
fever
seizures (classic symptom)
confusion
decreased consciousness
focal deficits
meningism not typical

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14
Q

onset and progression of encephalitis?

A

acute onset
rapid progression
rapidly fatal if untreated

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15
Q

diagnosis for encephalitis - CT features?

A

low sensitivity compared to MRI
may see hypoattenuating regions (darkness)

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16
Q

diagnosis for encephalitis - MRI features?

A

highly sensitive
areas of oedema +/- haemorrhage

17
Q

diagnosis for encephalitis - CSF investigations?

A

lumbar puncture
elevated lymphocytes and protein. normal glucose

18
Q

diagnosis for encephalitis - EEG?

A

electroencephalography
particularly useful if seizures are suspected
may show slowing or epileptiform discharges (spikes/sharp waves)

19
Q

management of viral encephalitis?

A

antiviral therapy
if suspected then treat even before diagnostic tests
supportive therapy (seizure management, ICU support)
rehabilitation

20
Q

issues in survivors of viral encephalitis?

A

cognitive impairment (memory, planning, reasoning, communication)
weakness, dysphasia

21
Q

complications and outcomes of viral encephalitis

A

decreased consciousness and coma
seizures
cerebral oedema
permanent focal damage
secondary autoimmune encephalitis

22
Q

what can permanent focal damage due to viral encephalitis lead to?

A

dysphasia, motor weakness, visual field defects, impaired swallowing, amnesia, cognitive impairment

command & control Y2 (61 decks)

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