Cerebrum Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
The cerebral cortex
- the outermost layer of__ matter making up the____ aspect of the cerebrum
- ____thick
- total area =____
- contain_____ cells
- most of the neurons Are of 3 types
- ____ ,____ and____ cells
- cortex + thalamus =____ system
A
gray; superficial
2-5mm
1/4 of a square meter
100billion
granular; pyramidal; fusiform
thalmocortical
2
Q
granular cells of the cerebrum function in intracortical processing of___ signals
While pyramidal and fusiform cells function in——-
A
incoming
almost all output fibers from the cortex
3
Q
lobes of the cerebrum are seperated by—— ,——, and—— sulcus
A
central
lateral
parietooccipital
4
Q
FRONTAL LOBE
-located deep to—— bone
A
frontal
5
Q
——- primary lobe plays an important role in being able to initiate and stop Tasks
A
Frontal
6
Q
Motor area:
- area__
- located in____ gyrus and—— lobule
- represented——- on an homunculus
- controls—— activity of the____ Half of the brain
A
4
precentral; para central
upside down
voluntary; opposite
7
Q
Paracentral lobule controls motor and sensory innervations of the——— and is also responsible for control of—— and——.
A
contralateral lower extremity
defecation; urination
8
Q
Premotor area:
- area__
- located on the——- parts of superior, inferior,and middle frontal gyrus
- controls—— system
A
6
posterior
extra pyramidal
9
Q
Supplemental motor area
- area __
- located——— to paracentral lobe
- controls movement on——- side of the brain
A
6
anterior
contralateral
10
Q
The inferior frontal gyrus includes____ area
A
Broca’s
11
Q
Frontal eye field
- area — and —-
- ___part of____ frontal gyrus
- controls——- conjugate movement of the eye
A
6,8
posterior; middle
horizontal
12
Q
Prefrontal cortex
- area — and —- and—- and ——
- located at the____ part of the frontal lobe
A
9,10 ,11,12
remaining large
13
Q
—— area of frontal lobe controls emotion,concentration, attention , initiative, judgment,personality
A
Prefrontal cortex area
14
Q
——- primary lobe plays an important role in abstract thought
A
Frontal lobe
15
Q
Broca’s area
- areas—— and ——
- In 1982, Dr. ___broca described a patient who could only say the word ‘__’. Found damage in____ hemisphere
- blood supply to the Broca’s area is by ——artery
A
44,45
Paul ; tam
left cerebral
middle meningeal
16
Q
Broca’s area is found on ——hemisphere most times
A
Left
17
Q
List the parts of the inferior frontal gyrus
A
pars opercularis,orbitalis,triangularis
18
Q
Broca’s area is located at the pars opercularis,orbitalis,triangularis
T/F
A
T
19
Q
Arrange the parts of the inferior frontal gyrus from rostral to caudal
A
Pars orbitalis
Pars triangularis
Pars opercularis
20
Q
—— primary lobe plays major role in sensations and integration of sensations , spatial awareness and perception (proprioception
A
Parietal lobe
21
Q
—— area of the frontal lobe plays major role in formation of words , stimulation of muscles of larynx, mouth, soft palate, tongue,and respiration
A
Broca’s area
22
Q
Primary somatosensory cortex
- areas ——, —,——
- ranges from____ gyrus to____ part of____ lobule
- blood supply is—— and____——- arteries
A
3,1,2
post central; posterior; paracentral
anterior
middle
cerebral
23
Q
——— area of the parietal lobe is involved in processing of tactil and proprioceptive information
A
Primary somatosensory cortex
24
Q
Between the parts of the Primary somatosensory cortex, which part has more granular and more pyramidal cells
A
More granular- 3
More pyramidal- 1,2
25
Primary somatosensory cortex
| receives projection fibers from—— and____ of the thalamus
VPL
VPM
26
Primary somatosensory cortex receives sensation mostly from___ side of body,some____ from ipsilateral side, and some—-,—— and——- sensations from both sides
contralateral
mouth sensation
pharynx; larynx; perineum
27
Somatosensory association area
- areas —— and ——
- located on the ——- part of parietal lobe
- extending into—— surface of hemisphere
5,7
superior
median
28
Secondary somatosensory cortex
- area —-
- located on the——- lip of—— lip of—— fissure
43
superior; post; lateral
29
Somatosensory cortex area
may assist with visuo-motor coordination
T/F
F
It’s somatosensory association area
30
——- area of the parietal lobe is primarily involved with interpretation of sensations of taste
Secondary somatosensory cortex
31
Angular gyrus
- area ——
- directly behind—— gyrus
- receives—— input
39
Supramarginal
visual
32
Supramarginal gyrus
- area ——
- involved in—— response and ——processing in kids
- also involved in integration of___,—— and—— information
40
emotional
phonological
visual; auditory; somatosensory
33
Angular gyrus plays a part in language and number processing, memory and reasoning
T/F
T
34
Insular cortex is involved with 3 things
——- sensations
——-sensations
——-sensations
Gustation
Visceral
Vestibular
35
Supramarginal gyrus+ Angular gyrus =——— lobe
inferior parietal
36
vestibular cortex is area —-
2
37
Primary visual cortex
- area ——
- located in—— lobe;—— wall of——- sulcus
17
occipital
posterior
calcarine
38
The calcarine sulcus is an anatomical landmark located at the—— end of the—— surface of the brain of humans and other primates
caudal; medial
39
Visual association area
- area ——
- located ——- the primary visual area
- correlation of visual impulses with past memory and recognition of objects seen and also in depth
19
ontop
40
Occcipital eye field
- aka———area
- brodman —- area
- for conjugate movement of eyes in the opposite side
secondary visual
18
41
The preoccipital notch is an indentation approximately—- cm in front of the—- pole on the—— border of the temporal lobe. It is a significant landmark as the occipital lobe lies behind the lateral—— line, joining the preoccipital notch and the—— sulcus.
5
occipital
inferolateral
parietotemporal
parieto-occipital
42
Largest of all the lobes of the brain is the ——- lobe
Frontal
43
Frontal lobe Comprises approximately_____ of hemispheric SURAFCE of the brains
a third
44
The superolateral surface of the frontal lobe has 4 main covolutions- _____, and ____,____ &_______ divided by 2 sulci- the—— & ____sulci.
precentral gyrus
superior
middle
inferior frontal gyri
superior; inferior frontal
45
The broad middle frontal gyrus is often divided by a____ into___ &____ tiers.
shallow horizontal sulcus
upper; lower
46
The superior frontal gyrus lies_____ to the superior frontal sulcus, the middle frontal gyrus lies between the____ and _____sulcus.
superior
superior; inferior frontal
47
-The infrerior frontal gyrus is invaded by the_____&_____ of the ___sulcus, giving rise to——-, ——-,—— of the inferior frontal gyrus.
anterior horizontal
anterior ascending rami
lateral
pars orbitalis, triangularis & opercularis
48
The pars triangularis & opercularis in the dominant hemisphere are referred to as the _____area.
Broca’s speech
49
Orbital surface of frontal lobe has a deep straight sulcus medially-____ sulcus.
- The____ lies medial to the olfactory sulcus.
- Lateral to the olfactory sulcus are____
the olfactory
gyrus rectus
a number of orbital gyri whose convolutional patterns are variable.
50
the orbital sulcus divides the____ into______ and____
orbital gyrus
anterior ;posterior
51
The lateral surface of the parietal lobe is divided by___ sulci into____ gyri..
2; 3
52
-post central gyrus is usually continuous
| T/F
F
post central gyrus is usually not continuous, but broken up into superior & inferior segments
53
Running from the middle of the post cental sulcus is the_____ sulcus.
intraparietal
54
-The intraparietal sulcus has superior to it the ____lobule (gyrus) & inferior to it the_____ lobule (gyrus).
superior parital
inferior parietal
55
The inferior parietal lobule consists of 2 gyri, The ———- gyrus & the_____ gyrus
the supramarginal
angular
56
The supramarginal gyrus is found around both banks of the____
Angular gyrus that surrounds the_____ part of the_____
posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus
ascending terminal; superior temporal sulcus.
57
The temporal lobe occupies the area_____ to the lateral sulcus.
inferior
58
The lateral surface of the temporal is divided into____ gyri by___ sulci.
3; 2
59
The superior &____ temporal sulci run parallel to the____ of the lateral sulcus, & divide the temporal lobe into _____,____,_____temporal gyri
middle
posterior ramus
superior, middle & inferior
60
the inferior temporal gyrus is continued onto the_____ surface of the hemisphere.
inferior
61
The collateral sulcus courses____ below____ sulcus
anteriorly
calcarine
62
between the collateral and calcarine sulcus is the____ gyrus
lingual
63
Anterior to lingual gyrus is____ gyrus and it’s most medial part is the____
parahippocampal
uncus
64
The medial occipitotemporal gyrus (OTG) extends from the____ lobe to the____ lobe. It is bounded medially by____ &___ sulci & laterally by_____ sulci
occipital
temporal
collateral; rhinal
occipitotemporal
65
The lateral OTG(———) lies lateral to_____ sulci ; is continuous with______ gyrus
occipitotemporal gyrus
OTS
inferior temporal
66
Weirnecke’s area
- In year —— , mr ——— noticed damage to another region of the cortex.
- Wernicke’s area is connected to—— area by a____
1967; Karl Wernicke
Broca’s; bundle of nerve fibres.
67
So Wernicke’s area is concerned with _____ while Broca’s area is concerned with_____
understanding language.
controlling the muscles that produce speech.
68
On the medial aspect of hemispere, occipital lobe is divided by____ sulcus into the —— and ——-gyrus
- The primary visual cortex (striate) is found on____ banks of the____ sulcus.
- The visual cortex in each hemisphere receives impulses from the temporal half of ___lateral retina & nasal half of ___lateral retina
calcarine
cuneus & lingual
both; calcarine
ipsi; contra
69
Largest part of diencephalon is the _____
Thalamus
70
Most sensory input projects to —— part of the Diencephalon
Thalamus
71
The thalamus Influences mood and actions as fear or rage
| T/F
T
72
Subthalamus
-Involved in controlling____ functions
Epithalamus
-____gland may influence____
motor
Pineal ; sleep-wake cycle
73
The Cerebral Hemispheres
- The cerebral hemispheres are partially separated from each other by a_______, called the ______ fissure.
- The fissure contains the____-shaped fold of__ mater, called the____, and the ——-arteries.
- In the depths of the fissure, the great commisure, the_____, connects the____ across the mid-line.
deep midline sagittal fissure
longitudinal
sickle; dura; falx cerebri; anterior cerebral
corpus callosum; hemispheres
74
A 2nd horizontal fold-____ of dura mater separates the cerebral hemispheres.
tentorium cerbelli
75
To increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex maximally the surface of each cerebral hemisphere is thrown into______, which are separated from each other by _____
folds or gryi
sulci or fissures.
76
Lobes of the cerebral hemisphere
Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital,___,____ lobes.
insular; limbic
77
The —— sulci is classified as a limiting sulci
Main central sulci
78
The Main sulci
-The central sulcus indents the superior medial border of the hemisphere about____cm behind the mid-point. It runs____ and___ across the lateral aspect of the hemisphere, and its lower end is separated from the posterior ramus of the lateral sulcus by________
1cm
downward; forward
a narrow bridge of cortex.
79
The lateral sulcus
- Begins inferiorly in the____ fossa & extends____, separating the____ &____ lobes.
- Caudally, separates___ &____ lobes.
- Consists of a short stem that divides into___ rami.
- The stem arises on the___ surfaces and on reaching the lateral surface it divides into the___ ramus and the ____ramus, & continues as the____ ramus.
Sylvian; posteriorly
frontal; temporal
parietal; temporal
three
inferior; anterior horizontal; anterior ascending ; posterior
80
An area of cortex- the insula lies at the____ of the____,—- sulcus
bottom
deep
lateral
81
The parieto-occipital sulcus
-begins on the____ of the hemisphere about___ inches (5 cm)___ to the occipital pole.
-It passes downward and___ on the____ surface to meet the____ sulcus.
superior median
2
anterior
anteriorly
medial
calcarine
82
The calcarine sulcus
- is found on the____ surface of the hemisphere.
- It commences under the____ end of the ____and arches___ and____ to reach the____ lobe, where it stops.
- In some brain, however, it continues for a short distance onto the____ surface of the hemisphere.
- The calcarine sulcus is joined at an___ angle by the____ sulcus about halfway along the length
medial
posterior; corpus callosum
upward; backwards; occipital
lateral
acute; parieto-ocipital
83
Layers of the cerebrum
-The most prominent kind of neurons in the cerebral cortex are____ cells ( Layer__ &__)
-The motor cortex in the precentral gyrus lack___ cells in layers__ &__.
-In somesthetic cortex of postcentral gyrus- lack____ cells in layers—- and —-
pyramidal; III; V
granular; II; IV
pyramidal; III & V.
84
Which is thicker?
Motor or sensory cortex
Motor cortex thicker than sensory.
85
Largest commissural fiber of the brains is ——-?
Corpus callosum
86
CORPUS CALLOSUM
| -Lies____ the longitudinal fissure.
beneath
87
The corpus callosum is divided. Into 4 parts
——-
———
———
———
rostrum
genu
body
Splenium
88
```
Corpus callosum
Divided into:
-rostrum: _____end.
-genu:____ end that bends____ in front of____
-body
- splenium:______ portion
```
thin ant
curved anterior; inferiorly; septum pellucidium
thickened posterior
89
Forceps minor- fibers of the____ curving——— and ——- into____ lobes.
- Tapetum- fibers extending from____ forming the____ and —— of____ horn of___ ventricle & —— wall of inferior horn.
- Forceps major- fibers from___ curving___ and ___ into the____ lobe.
genu ;laterally & forward; frontal
body ;roof & lateral wall; posterior; lateral
lateral
splenium; laterally & backward; occipital
90
Anterior Commissure
- A small anterior part interconnects _____on the 2 sides
- Larger posterior part interconnects regions of _____ and ——- _____ gyri
olfactory structures
middle & inferior
temporal
91
Posterior Commissure
- Bundle of nerve fibers that cross the midline immediately above the_____
- Related to inferior part of____
- Fibers from____ nuclei to the ____nuclei, involved in_____ reflex cross here.
opening of cerebral aqueduct into 3rd ventricle.
pineal stalk.
pretectal; Edinger-Westphal ; consensual light
92
The Fornix
-Fornix composed of ____linated nerve fibers & constitute_____ system of hippocampal formation that passes to_____ of ____alamus.
mye; efferent; mammilary bodies; hypoth
93
Alveus- a thin layer of white matter on the____.These converge medially to form the___, which in turn transforms into the____
hippocampus
fimbria
crus of the fornix.
94
The crus of Fornix from each side curves___ and____ beneath the___ of____ and around the____ surface of the thalamus.
- The 2 crura converge to form the___ of the fornix. The 2 crura are connected by ___fibers - the commissure of the fornix.
- Anteriorly, the body of fornix is connected to the_____ of the corpus callosum by the____
- Body of fornix splits ___riorly into ____of fornix.
posteriorly; superiorly
splenium; corpus callosum; posterior
body; transverse
undersurface; septum pellucidum.
ante; 2 columns
95
Each column of fornix curves____ and ____ over the interventricular foramen & into lateral wall of____ ventricle to reach the______
anteriorly & inferiorly
3rd; mammillary body.
96
The fornix connects HFs of the 2 sides.
| T/F
T
97
Habenular Commissure
- The habenular commisure is a small bundle of nerve fibers that cross the midline in the____ part of the root of the____
- The commissure is associated with the habernular nuclei, which are situated on___ in this region.
- The habernular nuclei receive many afferents from the____ and the___
superior; pineal stalk.
either side of the midline
amygdaloid nuclei; hippocampus
98
Association Fibers.
- Short association fibers arch thru—— of ——- to connect adjacent convolutions.
- They course_____ to long axis of the___.
floor of each sulcus
transversely; sulci
99
Long Association Fibers
-Uncinate fasciculus:Compact bundle connecting ___gyri & anterior parts of——- lobe.
-Inferior longitudinal fasciculus: Passes lateral to____ connecting_____ to ____ lobes.
orbital frontal ; temporal
optic radiation; occipital to temporal
100
Fronto-occipital fasciculus
Long or short association fiber?
Long
101
Arcuate fasciculus:____ lobe with—— lobe.
-Superior longitudinal fasciculus: Connects anterior part of____ to ___ and ___lobes.
Frontal; temporal
frontal; occipital & temporal
102
Cingulum: Principal ass fibers on___ aspect of hemisphere
According to slide: Connects ___ and ___lobes with____.
Internet: from the____ gyrus to the _____cortex in the brain
medial
frontal & parietal ; HCF
cingulate; entorhinal
103
Projection Fibers
- Convey impulses either from___ to____, and vice versa
- Afferent & efferent fibers conveying impulses b/w____ &____ are arranged as a radiating mass- the corona radiata, that converges toward_____
- Near the___ part of___ these fibers form a compact band- internal capsule.
cortex; distant loci
brain stem; cerebral cortex; brain stem.
upper; brain stem
104
Internal Capsule
- Composed of ascending & descending nerve fibers that connect____ to___ and ——
- Flanked medially by___ &____ and laterally by_____ (___ and ___).
cerebral cortex
brainstem & spinal cord.
Caudate nucleus ; thalamus
lentiform nucleus; GP & Putamen
105
The internal capsule is rarely involved in vascular disorders of the brain.
T/F
F
106
Commonest cause of arterial hemorrhage in the cortex is___ in an artery in patient with___. Usually occurs in ___ age & often involves a rupture of the_____ artery of____artery.
arteromatous degeneration; hypertension
hypertension
thin-walled lenticulostriate;middle cerebral
107
Cerebrum has ____ borders and ___ poles
3 borders
| 3 poles
108
Operculated /____ sulcus
Lunate
