Gross appearance of the spinal cord - begins superiorly from the_____ - termnares inferiorly in adults at the level of___; young child at the level of____ - occupies____ of the vertebral canal - gives off____ plexus in the cervical region - inferiorly tapers off into the____

foramen magnum L1 upper border of L3 upper 2/3 brachial cornus medullaris

Spinal Cord Anatomy Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Gross appearance of the spinal cord

begins superiorly from the_____
termnares inferiorly in adults at the level of___; young child at the level of____
occupies____ of the vertebral canal
gives off____ plexus in the cervical region
inferiorly tapers off into the____

foramen magnum

upper border of L3

upper 2/3

brachial

cornus medullaris

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Gross appearance of the spinal cord

from the cornus medullaris , a prolongation of_____, called the____ descends into the____
the spinal cord possess a____ longitudinal fissure called the_____ in the midline anteriorly
also has a____ posterior furrow called the_____

pia matter; filum terminale; coccyx

deep ;anterior median fissure

shallow; posterior median sulcus

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List the Spinal cord Enlargements

____enlargement

_____enlargement

cervical

Lumbar

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Spinal cord Enlargements

cervical enlargement
-extends from___ to___

Lumbar enlargement

from__ to ___
below this enlargement, the cord tapers off to the____

C3; T2

L1-S3

conus medullaris

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Which spinal cord enlargement is more pronounced and larger ??

Cervical enlargement is larger and more pronounced than the lumbar enlargement

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GRAY MATTER OF THE SPINAL CORD

seen as a__-shaped pillar with ___ and ___columns/horns
a small___ column segment is present in the___ and _____ segments
the gray matter comprises of a mixture of____ and___
the nerve cells are ____polar

anterior and posterior

lateral; thoracic and upper lumbar

nerve cells; their processes

multi

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the amount of gray matter present at any given level of the spinal cord is related to the amount of muscles innervated at that level

T/F

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Gray and white matter have neuroglia and blood vessels

T/F

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Nerve cell groups in the anterior gray columns

the axons of larger nerves pass out the anterior gray column as____ efferents that innervates___
the axons of smaller nerves pass out the anterior gray column as___ efferents that innervate the_____

alpha; skeletal muscles

gamma; intrafusal fibers of neuromuscular spindles

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the nerves cells of the anterior gray columns are divided into 3 groups or columns:_____ ,____,and _____

medial, central, and lateral

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Medial group of AGC

present in___ segments of the spinal cord
innervate the skeletal muscles of the___ and ____ including the____ and ____

most

neck and trunk

intercoastal and abdominal musculature

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Central group of AGC

present in ____ and ____segments
C_to C_ innervates the diaphragm through the___ nerve
also innervates the___ and ____ muscle

some cervical and lumbosacral

C3-C5; phrenic

trapezius and SCM

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Lateral group of AGC

present in____ and ____ segments
responsible for innervating_____

cervical and Lumbosacral

skeletal muscles of the limbs

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smallest group of AGC is ______

Central group

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Nerve cell groups in the posterior gray columns

there are 4 nerve cells groups
2 of the nerve cell groups extend____ of the spinal cord
other 2 groups are_____ segments
there may be a fifth group known as____ nucleus

the entire length

restricted to thoracic and lumbar

posteromarginal

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Substantial gelatinosa group

found at___ of PGC
found_____ of spinal cord
receive afferent fibers concerned with___,____,____ from the posterior root

apex

throughout length

pain ,temperature and touch

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Nucleus proprius group

situated____ to the substantia gelatinosa
occupy ____of the spinal cord
receives fibers of the ____column that is concerned with____,___, and ____

entire length

posterior white white

proprioception, 2-point discrimination and vibration

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Nucleus proprius

Large or small

Large

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Nucleus dorsalis group

aka_____
situated at the____ of the PGC
extends ____ segment
most of its cells are associated with____ endings( neuromuscular spindles and tendon spindles)

Clarke’s column

base

C8 to 3rd of 4th lumbar

proprioceptive

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Visceral afferent nucleus group

situated____ to nucleus dorsalis
extends from____
receives___ afferent fibers

lateral

L1-L3

visceral

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Nerve cell groups in the Lateral gray columns

extends from ___ to ___segment of spinal cord and give rise to_____ fibers
a smaller group of cells are found in the ____segments of the spinal cord and they give rise to____ fibers

T1-L2 or L3

ganglionic sympathetic

S2-S4

parasympathetic

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Nerve cell groups in the intermediate gray columns

this part contains the _____ and ____nucleus
sacral autonomic nucleus is located in the same place as______ but in the _____segments of spinal cord

intermediolateral nucleus and intermediomedial

intermediolateral nucleus

S2-S4

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REXED LAMINAE

-gray matter is divisible into____ lamina marked by Roman numerals

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REXED LAMINAE

lamina 1 is at____ of the___ horn

lamina 2 corresponds to_____
lamina 3-6 corresponds to____

the tip; post

substantia gelatinosa

nucleus proprius

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REXED LAMINAE lamina 7 corresponds to____ horn in ____segments - lamina 8 corresponds to____ in___ segment but ______in___and____ segments - lamina 9 corresponds to____ in___ horn

lateral T1-L2 most of the anterior horn; thoracic only the medial part ; cervical and lumbar group of motor neuron; ventral

Lamina 8 also contains the Clarke’s nucleus in C8-L3 segments T/F

F | It’s lamina 7

REXED LAMINAE lamina X is the______. Includes the _______surrounding the central canal

gray substance that surrounds the central canal substantia gelatinosa centralis

TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD contains only large diameter axons which are myelinated T/F

F contains both small and large diameter axons which may or may not be myelinated

TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD the fibers run in different directions:____,____,____ - some fibers are intrasegmental, i.e_____; and some are intersegmental - fibers are grouped into tracts depending on their____

ascending , descending, horizontal arise and terminate within a segment functional modality

Gray commissure - in transverse section of spinal cord, anterior and posterior gray horns are connected by a______’__shaped’ - at the center of the commissure is situated a___

transverse gray commissure; H central canal

the central canal divides the gray commissure into___ and ____ gray commissure depending on which side it belongs to

anterior and posterior

central canal central canal runs through only the thoracic and lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord T/F

F | central canal runs throughout the length of the spinal cord

central canal superiorly it corresponds with the____ of ____ and opens into the___ of the ____ - continues inferiorly with the ____where it expands into the____ and terminated below within the____ of _____ - it’s filled with___ and line by ____epithelium, the____ cells

central canal of the medulla oblongata cavity of the 4th ventricle conus medullaris fusiform terminal ventricle root of filum terminale CSF; ciliated columnar ; ependyma

WHITE MATTER - consists of a mixture of___,___,and ____ - its white color is due to the______ - divided into___,____,and____

nerve fibers, neuroglia, and blood vessels high proportion of myelinated nerve fibers anterior lateral and posterior

WHITE MATTER Anterior: between____ and ____ -lateral: between_____ and ___ -posterior :between_____ and ——

midline and point of emergence of anterior nerve roots anterior and posterior nerve roots midline and point of emergence of posterior nerve roots

ARRANGEMENT OF NERVE FIBER TRACTS IN WHITE MATTER -A tract(___/——) is a collection of____ with the same origin, course and termination -within the CNS, a tract connects______of ___ -divided into 3 _____ ______ _____

lemnisci/fasciculi nerve fibers 2 masses of gray matter ascending tracts - descending tracts - intersegmental and intrasegmental tracts

ASCENDING TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD - go from_____ to _____ - the information carried are divided into 2 * Exteroceptive information: originates from____ eg_____ * Proprioceptive information: originates from______ eg _____

spinal cord to higher regions outside the body. Eg pain temp touch inside the body. Eg muscles and joints

Anatomical organization of ascending tract * First order neurons - cell bodies are in_____ - ____process connects with a sensory receptor ending while the____ process passes the posterior root to synapse on the second order neuron

dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve peripheral; central

Anatomical organization of ascending tract Second order neuron -give rise to axons that____ and ____ to higher level CNS and synapse with third order neuron

decussate and ascend

Anatomical organization of ascending tract Third order neuron - usually in the____ - gives rise to____ fibers that pass to a sensory region of the cerebral cortex

thalamus projection

The ascending pathways only use 3 neurons. Never more, nerve less T/F

F | though most of the neurons of the ascending pathway use the 3 order of neurons, some others engage with fewer or more

many of the neurons in the ascending pathways branch and give a major input to the____ which in turn activates the ____thereby maintaining_____

reticular formation cerebral cortex wakefulness

other ascending pathway branches pass to motor neurons and participate in ____activity

reflex muscular

A list of Ascending tracts Mention like 9 or 10

Spinothalamic tracts:anterior and lateral - DCML - posterior spinocerebellar tracts - cuneocerebellar tract - anterior cerebellar tract - spinotectal - spinoreticular - spinolivary tracts - visceral sensory tracts

LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACTS - pathway for___ and ____ - first order neuron at____ - the axons continue into the spinal cord and travel a distance of one or 2 segments of the spinal cord forming the____ of ____ - axons of first order neuron terminate by synapsing in the_____ of _____ - ____is the NT released at this point

pain and temperature dorsal root ganglia posterolateral tract of lissaeur substantia gelatinosa of the posterior gray column substance P

LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACTS the axons of the second order neuron____ through the_____ and ____ of the same spinal segment and ascend in the _____of the spinal cord as the lateral Spinothalamic tract -As this tract ascends, it is accompanied by the ____ and ______ and together forms the_____ -axons of the second order neurons ascend through the___and ____ to terminate in the 3rd order neuron in the____ of____

decussate anterior gray and white commissures contralateral white column Anterior Spinothalamic tract and the spinotectal tract ; spinal lemniscus pons and midbrain; ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC TRACTS from the VPN, the third order neuron ascends through the ____ and _____to the____ area of the ____gyrus

internal capsule and corona radiata somesthetic post central

ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT - pathway for____ and ____ - first order neuron at ____and proceed to dorsal grey column - axons of first order neuron terminate by synapsing in the_____ of _____

light/crude touch and pressure dorsal root ganglia substantia gelatinosa of the posterior gray column

ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT the axons of the second order neuron____ to the anterior gray and white commissures of the same spinal segment and ascend in the anterolateral white column of the spinal cord as the anterior Spinothalamic tract to the____ - then later joins___ lemniscus that ascends to___ of ____ - from the VPN, to the somesthetic area of the post central gyrus

decussate; medullar oblongata spinal VPN of thalamus

DCML - pathway for____,___,and____ - fibers of first order neuron from the____ enter the spinal cord and pass to the_____ of the___ side - they divide into____ and ____ branches

discriminative touch, vibratory sense and conscious muscle joint sense dorsal root ganglion posterior white column; same long ascending and short descending

The short descending fibers of the DCML pathway are involved with_____

intersegmental reflexes

-the long ascending fibers off DCML pathways may also end by synapsing with cells in the___ grey horn with____ neurons and with___ cells

dorsal internuncial anterior

DCML - many of the long ascending fibers travel upwards in the posterior white column as____ and ____ - FG is present throughout the length of spinal cord and contains long ascending fibers from the ___,_____,____, and ____spinal nerves - FC is situated in the_____ and _____ of the spinal cord - the fibers of FG and FC ascend ___laterally and terminate by synapsing on the second order neurons in the_____ and ____ of the _____

fasciculus gracilis(FG) and fasciculus cuneatus(FC) coccygeal, sacral, lumbar, and lower 6 thoracic upper thoracic and cervical segments ipsi nucleus gracilis(NG) and nucleus cuneatus(NC) of the medulla oblongata

Who is more medial to who FG or FC

DCML the axons of the second order neurons (____fibers) sweep anteromedially around the____ and cross the median plane and decussate with corresponding fibers of opposite side - the fibers ascend as a single compact bundle called the____ lemniscus to the___ (3rd neuron) of____ - from the VPN to the somesthetic area of the post central gyrus

internal arcuate central gray matter medial VPN;thalamus

Posterior spinocerebellar tract - pathway for information from the_____ - axons of first order neurons from ___enter the spinal cord and terminate at the second order neurons in the_____ aka ____ - the axons of the second order neurons ascend upwards through the_____ part of the _____ column of the___ side up to the____ then it joins the_____ and terminates at the_____

Unconscious muscle spindles ,tendons organs and joint receptors of the trunk and lower limbs spinal root ganglion nucleus dorsalis (Clarke’s column) posterolateral part of the lateral white same; medulla oblongata; inferior cerebellar peduncle; cerebellar cortex

Posterior spinocerebellar tract doesn’t get to the thalamus or cerebral cortex T/F

Posterior spinocerebellar tract because the nucleus dorsalis only extends from____ to ___,axons entering the spinal cord in the ___ or ____segments ascends in the ____column until it reaches the L3 or L4 segment and enter the Nucleus dorsalis

C8-L3 or L4 lower lumbar or sacral posterior white

Anterior spinocerebellar tract -majority of the axons of the Second order neurons cross to the opposite side and ascend in the contralateral white column T/F

Spinotectal Tract - the axons of the first order neurons synapse in the____ - the second order neurons arise from there and___ the medial plane and ascend in the_____ column to the_____ of _____ - this pathway provides the afferent information for____ reflexes and bring about movement of the___ and ____ toward the source of the stimuli

posterior gray column cross anterolateral white superior colliculus of the mid brain spinovisual eyes and head

Spinoreticular Tract - the axons of the first order neurons synapse in the____ - the second order neurons arise from there and ascend the spinal cord in the ____column mixed with the____ tract

posterior gray column lateral white lateral Spinothalamic

most of the fibers of the spinoreticular formation are crossed or uncrossed ??? and terminate by synapsing with neurons of_____ in the _____

Uncrossed reticular formation in the medulla oblongata

Summary of Functions of Ascending tracts - lateral Spinothalamic tract:___ and ___sensations - anterior Spinothalamic tract:____,___,___ - DCML:____,____,____ - ________reach the cerebellum by way of the anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts and the cuneocerebellar tract - ___,___and___information is passed to the superior colliculus of the midbrian through the spinotectal tract for the purpose of spinovisual reflexes

pain and thermal crude touch and pressure 2 point discrimination;vibration, and proprioception unconscious information from the muscles, joints, skin and subcutaneous tissue pain, thermal, and tactile

Summary of Functions of Ascending tracts Spinoreticular tract:sensations from__,___,___ to the reticular formation -Spinoolivary tract: An____ pathway for afferent to reach the_____

muscles, joints, and skin indirect; cerebellum

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT - this tract is concerned with ___,___,____movement . Especially those of___ parts of the limb - the tract arises as axons of____ cells situated in the___ layer of the cerebral cortex - most of the fibers from____ - 1/3 of the fibers arise from the_____ - 1/3 of the fibers also come from the____ - meaning most comes from____ gyrus and the rest is from___ gyrus

``` voluntary, discrete, skilled distal pyramidal 5th area 4 secondary motor cortex(area 6) parietal lobe (areas 3,1,2) ``` precentral; post central

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT - stimulation of different parts of the precentral gyrus produces movements of different parts of the____ side of the body - from their origin, the fibers cross the___,___ limb of_____,____ of midbrain ,____ of pons and then the____ of medulla

opposite corona radiata; posterior limb of internal capsule; crux cerebi of midbrain; central part; pyramids

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT - about___% of fibers cross to the other side - the crossed fibers of the medulla enter the____ of the spinal cord and descend as the _____tract - the Corticospinal fibers that do not cross in the pyramids decussations enter the ___of the spinal cord to form the ____tract;on reaching the appropriate level of spinal cord, the fibers____ through the _____ to reach the___ matter on the___ side of the cord and continue in the same manners as lateral corticospinal tract

80; lateral funiculus; lateral Corticospinal anterior funiculus ; anterior Corticospinal cross the midline through the anterior white commissure; gray; opposite

CORTICOSPINAL TRACT the corticospinal tract fibers terminate in the grey matter at various level of the spinal cord (lamina___ to___) -the___ neurons covey this impulse to the__ horn cells

4 7 internuncial ventral

The neurons that give rise to the corticospinal tracts are called___ motor neurons the ventral horn cells and their processes are called___ motor neurons

upper lower

SPINAL CORD INJURIES - people at risk are___ between age____and____ and those in a____ occupation or lifestyle - spinal cord injuries in older patients is increasingly due to MVAs

young men 15 and 30 risk-taking

SPINAL SHOCK -this is the loss of sensation followed by _____with initial loss but gradual recovery of___ following a spinal cord injury (usually a____ )

motor paralysis reflexes complete transection

reflexes below the level of injury are_____ (___reflexia) or___ (___reflexia) while those above the level of injury_____

depressed Hypo absent; a remain unaffected

CLASSIFICATION OF SCIs * Mechanism of injury - flexion(bending__) - hyperextension(bending___) - rotation(either ___or____rotation) - compression (_______)

forward backwards flexion or extension downward motion

LESIONS OF SPINAL CORD - In a complete transection at or above C4 level, the patient__ due to____ - if below C5, the result is_____(paralysis of____) - transection at thoracic level leads to____ (paralysis of____)

dies; paralysis of diaphragm quadriplegia; both arms and legs paraplegia; lower half of the body

One commonality is both paraplegia and quadriplegia is?????

control of bladder is lost

Types of Paralysis (1)Hemiplegia:paralysis of______ (2)Monoplegia: paralysis of____ (3) Diplegia: paralysis of______ (4) paraplegia (5) quadriplegia

one side of the body and includes the upper limb, one side of the trunk, and lower limb one limb only 2 corresponding limbs (upper and lower limb)

Lesions of pyramidal tracts | (1)Babinski sign:__ toe become _____while the__ toes___ in response to_____. The normal response should be_____

big ;dorsally flexed other; fan out scratching the skin alon the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot plantar flexion of all the toes

babinski sign is present in___ year of life because_____

first the corticospinal tracts aren’t myelinated yet till the end of first year of life

Lesions of pyramidal tracts absence of superficial abdominal reflex :there should be___ of abdominal muscles when____ Abscence of cremasteric reflex: the cremasteric muscle should___ when_____ Loss of performance of fine-skilled voluntary movements

contraction the abdominal skin is stroked contact; the skin of the inner medial thigh is stroked

LESIONS OF EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS -severe paralysis with ___muscular atrophy except due to disuse -clasp-knife reaction: when passive movement of a joint is attempted there is___ due to____ of the muscles.The muscles, on stretching ,give way to______

little or no resistance; spasticity neurotendinous organ-mediated inhibition

``` LOWER MOTOR NEURON LESION _____ paralysis _Atrophy _Loss of reflexes _Muscular____ :____ of muscles _Muscular____:_______muscle ```

flaccid fasciculation; twitching contracture; shortening of the paralyzed

ANTERIOR CORD SYNDROME - ____of the anterior spinal cord, usually a___ injury - sudden complete motor paralysis at lesion and below - __creased sensation(including___) and loss of____ sensation below site - ____ and _____remain intact

compression flexion decreased; pain temperature touch , position vibration and motion

Central cord syndrome may be caused by___ ventral cord syndrome can be caused by ____

syringomyelia poliomyelitis

Brown - sequard Syndrome - damage to______ - caused by___ trauma or_____,____ or destruction of a blood vessel , or infectious or inflammatory diseases like___or ____, a spinal cord tumor,trauma(like a puncture wound to the neck or back)

one-half of the cord on either side penetrating ruptured disc ischemia tuberculosis, MS

the SCI symptoms that would occur in brown-sequard syndrome is * _____on___ side of the body * _____ on the_____ side

weakness or paralysis(hemiparalegia) one loss of sensation (hemianaesthesia); opposite

_____ arteries supply the internal capsule

Lenticulostriate

Lesion of motor pathway below the pyramidal decussation would affect the ____lateral side

Contralateral

Lesion at corona radiata or internal capsule could lead to patient presenting with APHASIA which is the \_______ T/F

T Inability to understand language (spoken or written)

Symptoms of someone with a cerebrovascular accident is FAST What do they stand for

F-facial assymetry A- arms are no longer moving S-slurred speech T-act on time

Difference between fasciculation and fibrillation of a muscle

Fasciculus-whole muscle Fibrillation-individual muscle Both involves twitching

Fibrillations can be visible seen | T/F

F Fibrillations are too small to be seen as a visible muscle contraction

Upper motor neuron disorders produce a___ weakness of movement (____), which differs from the complete loss of muscle activity caused by paralysis (___).

graded paresis plegia

Fasciculation and fibrillations also occur in upper motor lesions T/F

Epidural space – space between the____ and the______ filled with____ and a network of___

vertebrae dura mater fat; veins

Denticulate ligaments – delicate shelves of______ that attach the_____ to _____

pia mater spinal cord to the vertebrae

Cauda equina – collection of_____ at the____ end of the____

nerve roots inferior vertebral canal

Dorsal and ventral roots fuse laterally to form______

spinal nerves

Most white matter pathways exhibit somatotopy T/F

The spinocerebellar tracts contribute to sensory perception T/F

F | They do not

lateral spinothalamic tract Specific or non-specific pathway

Non specific

DCML pathway Specific or non-specific pathway

Specific

In Spastic paralysis, There is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles T/F

In Flaccid paralysis There is no voluntary or involuntary control of muscles T/F

Cross sectioning of the spinal cord at any level results in total motor and sensory loss in regions_____ to the cut

inferior

Paraplegia – transection between___ and ___ Quadriplegia – transection in the____ region

T1 and L1 cervical

In poliomyelitis There is Destruction of the_____ neurons by the poliovirus

anterior horn motor

Lou Gehrig’s disease – neuromuscular condition involving destruction of _____neurons and fibers of the______ tract

anterior horn motor pyramidal

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) - Death occurs within____ years - Linked to malfunctioning genes for____ and/or superoxide dismutase

five glutamate transporter

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Symptoms include loss of the ability to speak, swallow but the person can breathe T/F

F Can’t breathe too

CNS is established during the___ month of development

first

Gender-specific areas appear in response to_____ (or lack thereof)

testosterone

Maternal exposure to radiation, drugs (e.g., alcohol and opiates), or infection can harm the mother but not the fetus T/F

F | Harms both

Smoking decreases___ in the blood, which can lead to____ and fetal brain damage

oxygen neuron death

The____ of the diencephalon is one of the last areas of the CNS to develop

hypothalamus

Visual cortex develops( slowly or rapidly?) over the first____

Slowly 11 weeks

Age brings some cognitive declines, but these are not significant in healthy individuals until they reach their____

80s

Excessive use of alcohol causes signs of_____ unrelated to the aging process

senility

Secondary fibers of lateral spinothalamic tract are joined in brainstem by fibers of the_____ tract

trigeminothalamic

Tertiary fibers of the lateral spinothalamic tract are also called_____ fibers and synapse in postcentral gyrus:

corticopetal

Tertiary fibers of the lateral spinothalamic tract form part of internal capsule. T/F

Medial Lemniscus System Also called ____system.

posterior column

fasciculus cuneatus Also conveys proprioceptive sensation from legs to cerebellum. T/F

F | Arms

Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract Originates in ____ and _____ region Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract Originates in_____ and _____

thoracic and upper lumbar lower trunk and lower limbs

``` Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract Consists of (crossed or uncrossed?) fibers that enter cerebellum through____ cerebellar peduncles. ``` ``` Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract Consists of (crossed or uncrossed?) fibers that___ in___ and enter cerebellum through____ cerebellar peduncles. ```

Uncrossed; inferior Crossed; recross; pons; superior

Both anterior and Posterior spinocerebellar tract Transmits ipsilateral proprioceptive information to cerebellum. T/F

Muscle spindles are contractile where? At the ends of in the center

At the ends

Gamma neurons are modulated by _____ fibers in the spinal cord Ascending or descending

Descending

Golgi tendon organs Encapsulated or non encapsulated

Encapsulated

there are weak and strong action potentials T/F

Changing a sensory stimulus into an action potential is called____

transduction

Lesion at anterior whit column of SC, which descending tracts would be affected ``` Tectospinal Rubrospinal Olivospinal Vestibulospoinal Cerebrospinal ```

``` T F T T F ```

INNERVATION of the cornea is by why nerve?

Opthalamic nerve

In myeloschisis, spinal cord is open as neural tube fails to form T/F

Cystic swellings occur most in ___ and ____ regions of spinal cord

Thoracic and lumbar

During development of spinal cord: - all neurone and glialcells are derived from ventricular zone or ependymal layer - the marginal zone is located between the neuroepithelial and mantle zones - the mantle layers give rise to the white matte rod spinal cord - sulcus limitans is a vertical groove that’s seperating roof plate from floor plate - enlargement of alar plate is responsible for producing the anterior median fissure

``` T F F T F ```

Neuroectoderm differentiates between day 22-23 of embryonic life T/F

Anterior Neuropore closes on day ___ Posterior Neuropore closes on day ___

26 28

Medial longitudinal fasciculus ends in cervical spinal cord | T/F

The extra pyramidal system have uncrossed tracts T/F If T, list them

T Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal

Glial cells found primarily in the marginal zone of spinal cord is ____

Oligodendrocytes

Inferior petrosal sinus connects cavernous sinus to ____

Internal jugular vein

____ artery is likely to be cut in a tracheostomy from the front

Thyroidae ima artery

Middle meningeal artery pass through the foramen spinosum | T/F

Only cranial nerve to emerge from the posterior part of brain stem is __?

Trochlear nerve

Spinal Cord Anatomy Flashcards

(144 cards)