Intro to Neuro Anatomy Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
NERVOUS SYSTEM
-nerve tissue develops from embryonic ——derm
A
ecto
2
Q
BRAIN :
- four principal parts
- ____
- _____
- _____
- ______
- SPINAL CORD
- continuation of____
- continues from base of skull to—— vertebrae
A
cerebrum
diencephalon
brain stem
cerebellum
brain stem
1st lumbar
3
Q
cranial nerves
-___pairs
spinal nerves
-____pairs
A
12
31
4
Q
In Somatic NS,
motor neurons carry impulses away from CNS to——-
In autonomic NS,
motor neurons carry impulses from CNS to——,——-, and——
A
skeletal muscles
smooth muscle; cardiac muscle; glands
5
Q
Protection and Coverings of the Brain
- bones of——
- ____ fluid
- connective tissue membranes called——
- ____for the spinal cord
A
cranium
cerebrospinal
meninges
vertebral column
6
Q
CSF
- formed by—— and—— from networks of——- called———
- acts as——— medium
- protects brain from banging against——
A
filtration; secretion; capillaries
choroid plexuses
Shock absorbing
inner walls of cranium
7
Q
CP is located in ———of the brain and also form——- barrier
A
The 4 ventricles
blood-CSF
8
Q
CSF is milky, whitish liquid.
T/F
A
Clear,colorless
9
Q
List the ventricles of the Brain
A
rt and lt ventricle, 3rd and 4th
10
Q
CSF contains——,——,——-,—-, cations, anions, and——
A
glucose, proteins; lactic acid; urea
lymphocytes
11
Q
CSF is a medium for exchange of—— and——- between—— and nervous tissue
A
nutrients
waste products
blood
12
Q
CSF
- significant changes in composition can indicate disease conditions like——-,——,——
- if drainage of CSF is obstructed, excessive pressure on the brain will cause——
A
meningitis; tumors; multiple sclerosis.
hydrocephalus
13
Q
Blood-Brain Barrier
- ____certain substances to____ but—— others
- formed by tightly adherent cell connections
- ____cells, ——-,——- cells, and——.
A
permits; enter the fluid; prohibits
endothelial
astrocyte end-feet
microglial
pericytes
14
Q
Blood brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances.
T/F
A
T
15
Q
Meninges
- Three connective tissue membranes:
- _____
- _____
- _____
A
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
16
Q
Meninges are delicate.
T/F
A
T
17
Q
Meninges envelop brain but not spinal cord
T/F
A
F.envelop brain and spinal cord
18
Q
Dura Mater
- outermost layer
- feels ——-
- located next to——-
- separated from arachnoid by——- space which is——-
Has 2 parts: —- layer and —- layer
A
leathery
bony inner surface of cranium
subdural
fluid filled
Periosteal
Meningeal
19
Q
Arachnoid
- looks like a——-
- Two components:
- layer next to the—— space
- system of supporting fibers (trabeculae) forming___-like structure between arachnoid and pia mater
A
cobweb
subdural
web
20
Q
Pia Mater
- innermost
- ___layer of loose connective tissue
- between pia mater and nerve tissue is a thin layer of ———firmly attached to pia mater
A
thin
neuroglial processes
21
Q
What color is the pia matter
A
transparent
22
Q
Meningitis
- is the——- of meninges
- serious threat to brain
- bacterial and viral meningitis can spread to ——-of CNS
A
inflammation
nervous tissue
23
Q
—— layer of the meninges of the Brain contains many blood vessels
A
Pia matter
24
Q
Cerebrum
- obscures most of——
- looks like——
- made up of 2 deeply grooved hemispheres - left and right
- Surface is covered by:
- ____-____ or____
- ____-____ or convolutions which serve as landmarks
- outer layer of—— matter is cerebral cortex made up of lobes composed of—— and ——of neurons
- interior is composed of—— matter
A
brain stem
mushroom cap
grooves; fissures; sulci
ridges; gyri
gray; dendrites; cell body
white
25
Largest component of the brain is the ——-?
Cerebral cortex
26
White matte are nerve fibers arranged in bundles called _____
tracts
27
LEFT HEMISPHERE
More important for:
-____-hand control
Right Hemisphere
More important for:
-____-hand control
right
left
28
numerical and scientific skills is controlled by —— hemisphere
Left
29
Reasoning is controlled by —— hemisphere
Left
30
Space and pattern perception is controlled by —— hemisphere
Right
31
Spoken language skill is controlled by —— hemisphere
While written language skills is controlled by —— hemisphere
Left
Left
32
musical and artistic awareness
| Is controlled by —— hemisphere
Right
33
Insight Is controlled by —— hemisphere
Right
34
Imagination Is controlled by —— hemisphere
Right
35
Lobes
- each hemisphere is subdivided into—— lobes
- named according to —— that——-
- more precisely defined by surface landmarks, i.e., sulci and fissures
4
cranial bone; covers them
36
List the lobes in an hemisphere
parietal lobe
* occipital lobe
* temporal lobe
* frontal lobe
37
White Matter of the Brain
- underlying the——
- whitish appearance is due to——
- consists of —-linated axons extending in three principal directions
* ——- fibers:
* ——- fibers:
* ——— fibers:
cortex
fatty component of myelin
mye
association; commissural; projection
38
* association fibers of white matter of the brain
- long: connect——- in —-hemispheres
- Short: connect—— in—— hemispheres
lobes; the same
gyrus; the same
39
commissural fibers of white matter of the brain
- connect——-
- 4 types
- largest is ——
- anterior : connects the ____
- post:connects the ———
- ______
hemispheres
corpus callosum
2 temporal lobes
language processing centers
habenula
40
projection fibers of white matter of the brain
2 major examples are:
-_____
-_____
corona radiata
tracts
41
2 major Gray Matter structures in the brain are :?
* ———-
* ———-
```
Basal Nuclei (ganglia)
cerebral cortex
```
42
layer of gray matter of cerebral cortex is approximately —-mm thick
- has—- distinct layers:
- divided into—- areas based on function
3
6
3
43
List the layers of the cerebral cortex
```
Molecular (plexiform) layer
External granular layer
External pyramidal layer
Internal granular layer
Internal pyramidal layer
Multiform (fusiform) layer.
```
44
```
Cerebral Cortex
divided into three main areas based on function
——area
——area
——— area
```
sensory
motor
association
45
General Sensory Area is located on the—— on the—- lobe
postcentral gryus
parietal
46
Primary Visual Area is located on the—- lobes
occipital
47
Primary Auditory Area is located on the—— lobes
temporal
48
Primary Gustatory Area is located at—- of——- on—— lobes
base
postcentral gryus
parietal
49
Primary Olfactory Area is located on—— lobe
temporal
50
Match with their broad man area
```
General sensory
Primary gustatory
Primary visual
Primary auditory
Secondary visual
```
```
3,1,2
43
17
41,42
18
```
51
Only some Motor Areas are located on frontal lobes.
| T/F
F
52
Primary Motor Area is located on ———of—— lobe
precentral gyrus ; frontal
53
Motor Speech Area
- aka——- Area
- Coordinates complex muscular actions of the—— ,—— and——
- located at junction of——,——, and——- lobes in——- cerebral hemispheres
Broca’s
mouth; tongue; larynx
temporal; parietal; frontal
only one
54
Which cerebral hemisphere is Broca’s area usually found?
Left
55
Match with their broad man area
Primary motor
Broca’s area
4
| 44
56
Somatosensory Association Area stores memories of past sensations
T/F
T
57
Visual Association Area is located in—— lobe
occipital
58
Auditory Associations Area
- aka——- area
- interprets——--
- determines type of——(—-,—-, and—-)
- located——- in——- lobe
Wernick’s
Meaning of speech
sound; speech; music; noise
inferior to primary auditory area; temporal
59
Broca’s area translates ——- to —— while weirnicke’s area translates —— to ——
Thoughts to speech
Speech to thoughts
60
Gnostic Area
- gnosis =——
- integrates sensory interpretations from—— and impulses from —-so that a common thought can be formed
- sends signals to other parts of the brain to cause appropriate response
knowledge
the association areas; other areas
61
Premotor Area
- ____to primary motor area
- neurons from this area communicate with——, sensory associations areas in the—— lobe ,—— lobe, the——, and the——
- concerned with learned motor activities of complex and sequential nature such as—- or playing the piano
anterior
primary motor cortex, frontal, parietal, basal ganglia, thalamus
writing
62
Frontal Eye Field
- in—— lobe
- controls voluntary scanning movements of the eyes such as searching for a word on a page of text or dictionary
frontal
63
Match with their broadman area
Premotor
Supplemental motor
Somatosensory association
Visual association
Auditory association
Frontal eye field
```
6
6
5
19
22
8
```
64
Diencephalon
-consists primarily of the—- and the——-
-
thalamus hypothalamus
65
Relation of the diencephalon to the brain stem
sits on top of brain stem
66
Thalamus
- ___ shaped structure
- consists of paired masses of—- matter—- cm long (—inch long) organized into nuclei
- form—— walls of—— ventricle
- right and left halves are joined by bridge of—- matter called——
- allows crude recognition of sensations; pain, temperature, or pressure
oval; gray
2.5; 1
lateral; third
gray; intermediate mass
67
Hypothalamus
- seperated from thalamus by——
- located ——- the thalamus
- Regulates:temperature, hunger, thirst, smell, fear, rage, sexual behavior, endocrine rhythm
hypothalamic sulcui
under
68
Brain Stem has Three parts:——;—-;——
| -____inches long
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
three
69
Midbrain
- ____cephalon
- extends from—- to—-
- about—- inch
- involved with—— and—— stimuli
mesen
pons
diencephalon
one
visual; auditory
70
——— is the single most important region of brain for maintaining homeostasis
Hypothalamus
71
Pons
- pons =——
- directly above——
- anterior to——-
- about—- inch long
- consists of—— matter with regions of —-matter scattered throughout
- bridge connecting spinal cord with brain via ——and——- fibers
bridge; medulla
cerebellum
one
white; gray
transverse; longitudinal
72
——— controls posterior and anterior pituitary secretions
Hypothalamus
73
Medulla Oblongata
- merges with—— below
- contains all—— and—— tracts that connect spinal cord and various parts of brain
- contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting
spinal cord
ascending; descending
74
Pons has no effect on respiration.
| T/F
F
75
Cerebellum
- looks like a——
- also called the ———-
- located behind the—— and below ——of—-
- controls subconscious skeletal muscle contractions required for smooth, coordinated movements and equilibrium
cauliflower
the automatic pilot
pons; occipital lobes; cerebrum
76
Largest part of the brain is ——-
| Second largest part of the brain is ——-
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
77
Spinal Cord
- continuation of—-
- _____shaped
- approximately—- inches long
- ___inch in diameter
brain stem
cylindrically
17
1
78
Spinal cord is protected by ——-,—-,a——, the—-
Meninges
CSF
layer of fatty tissue
vertebra column
79
no possibility of spinal cord injury below——; making it the ideal site for———-
L4
removal of cerebral spinal fluid
80
ACALLOSAL BRAIN/SYNDROME
- lacking a——-
- acallosal children and adults are very —— in tasks that require——-
corpus callosum
Clumsy
bi-manual cooperation.
81
Gray matter consists of—— embedded in——- .
| -White matter consists of ——embedded in——-
nerve cells ; neuroglia
nerve fibres ; neuroglia
82
Gray matter is a Localized collection of nerve cell bodies- nucleus/ganglion
T/F
T
83
Types of Astrocytes
Fibrous Astrocytes
| Protoplasmic Astrocytes
84
Astroglia - ___like and function in——- and connect—- with——-
star
nerve impulse
nerves
blood vessels
85
SPINAL CORD MENINGES
- most fishes have——
- amphibians, reptiles , and birds have—- and an inner vascular layer called——
- mammals have——
primitive meninx
dura matter; leptomeninx
dura, arachnoid, pia
86
-Forebrain – ——-cephalon
-___cephalon -cerebrum
•___cephalon —hypothalamus
Prosen
Telen
Dien
87
Thalamus
| -Influences—- and—— as fear or rage
mood; actions
88
Subthalamus
| -Involved in controlling—- functions
motor
89
Largest part of the diencephalon is——?
Thalamus
90
Most sensory input projects to ——- of the diencephalon
Thalamus
91
—— forms the roof of the diencephalon
Epithalamus
92
—— contains —— gland that controls ———
Epithalamus
Pineal gland
Sleep-wake cycle
93
Epithalamus contains —- and ——
Pineal gland
Parapineal nuclei
94
Pineal gland is ——-receptive
Photo
95
Basal nuclei
| - control—- function
Motor
96
Limbic system
| -components are : the——,——(——+——) , and——
amygdala
hippocampus
dentate nucleus
fimbria
cingulate gyrus
97
Basic survival functions of the limbic system include
| ——,——,——,——-
memory
reproduction
nutrition
Emotions
98
Third ventricle
- It is a__-like cavity formed in the—— between the——, in the midline between the ——-ventricles, and is filled with——
- connects with—- of each hemisphere and serves as—- for cerebrospinal fluid
slit
diencephalon
two thalami
right and left lateral
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
ventricles
aquaduct
99
Midbrain
| Mesencephalon consists of ____ lobe, _____ lobe,———,——-
Optic and auditory
Tegmentum
Cerebral aqueduct
100
In mid brain
(1) Optic lobes
- especially—- in birds and forms the—— of the midbrain=——
- _____in mammals
(2) Auditory lobes
- _____in mammals
large; roof; Tectum; superior colliculus
inferior colliculus
101
Auditory lobes bulge on surface in fish
| T/F
F
102
In mid brain
(1) Tegmentum
- the—— part and—- of the midbrain
- thickened basal plate with motor neurons and continuous with——-
- involved in many ——-and—— pathways.
(2) Cerebral aqueduct
- aka——-
- constriction of——- behind—- lobes
- the structure within the—— that connects the—- ventricle to the——.
- It is located within the midbrain, surrounded by——— with the tectum of midbrain located—— and the tegmentum——.
ventral; floor
tegmentum of hind brain
subconscious homeostatic ; reflexive
aqueduct of Sylvius
midbrain ventricle; optic
brainstem; third; fourth
periaqueductal grey matter (PAG)
Posteriorly; anteriorly
103
Hindbrain
- aka——
(1) Myelencephalon
- aka——
- the most—— region of the embryonic hindbrain, from which the ——and—— ventricle develops.
(2) Metencephalon
- Tegmentum - connects—— with hindbrain
- Pons - connects——-
Rhombencephalon
afterbrain; posterior; medulla oblongata ; fourth
halves of hindbrain
104
Cerebellum size correlates with ———-
complexitity of motor activity
105
CHOROID PLEXUS
- Cavity with vascularization
- formed by—— cells
- Capillaries of the—— or—— constantly seep cerebrospinal fluid into it.
- It supplies brain because——-
ependymal
pia mater; leptomeninx
circulation cannot penetrate the main tissue.
106
Most of the 12 cranial nerves are found in the —-brain.
hind
107
CSF
- ______and other salts
- Fills the—— and circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the———-space
- Cushions the brain
Sodium chloride
ventricles
subarachnoid space
108
Meningitis = infection of the———
meninges and CSF
109
Surface Blood Vessels of the brain
| -____,____, and——- cerebral arteries
Anterior; middle; posterior
110
Stroke = sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of———
severe interruption of blood flow
111
Third ventricle
| -lies below the——- and——-, between the two—- and walls of——, and above the—— and——
corpus callosum; body of the lateral ventricles
thalami; hypothalamus
pituitary; midbrain
112
fourth ventricle is a___-shaped cavity located posterior to the—- and——- and anterior-inferior to the——-.
diamond
pons; upper medulla oblongata
cerebellum
113
Cranial Nerves
-__cranial nerves in anamniotes,___ in amniotes . Actually—- and—-, respectively.
10
12
11
13
114
The extra cranial nerve that you didn’t know is ——??
Cranial nerve O- old branchiomeric nerve
115
—— and ——- don’t have CN 11 and 12
Fishes and modern amphibians
116
fossil amphibians have —- cranial nerves
All 12
117
List the cranial nerves under the Sensory group and what they sense
O = Terminal - sensory but function poorly understood
I = Olfactory - sensory for olfaction
II = Optic - sensory for vision
VIII = Auditory or Vestibuloacoustic - sensory for hearing and balance (innervates semicircular canals)
118
List the cranial nerves under the Somatic motor group and what the innervate
III = Oculomotor - motor to superior, inferior, and lateral rectus muscles of eye, and ANS fibers to iris and lens of eye.
IV = Trochlear - motor to superior oblique muscle of eye
VI = Abduscens - motor to external rectus muscle of eye and nictitating membrane muscles of nonmammalian vertebrates
XII= Hypoglossal - motor to hypobranchial muscles of neck region
XI= Spinal Accessory - nerve to trapezius, cleidomastoid,and sternomastoid muscles
119
List the cranial nerves under the Mixed motor - sensory group and what they innervate
V = Trigeminus - motor nerve to muscles of mandibular arch, i.e., masseter, temporal, and digastric ;Sensory to skin of head, teeth, and anterior 2/3 of tongue
VII = Facial - mixed nerve to muscles of hyoid arch
Sensory to taste buds
IX = Glossopharyngeal - ANS motor to parotid salivary glands,
Sensory from taste buds and lateral line system of fish
X = Vagus - Visceral motor and sensory to postcranial renal system
Sensory to skin of ear, lateral line system and gills of fish ;ANS fibers to heart and digestive tract
120
Brain weight _____ in men which is about __% of total body weight
1400g
2%
121
Brain needs ____ of the total cardiac output
__liters per hour
1/6th
42L
122
Brain uses ___ of the total oxygen required
1/5th
123
The cerebrum weighs about 59% or more of the total Brain weight
T/F
F
| Just 600g=40%~
124
During a lumbar puncture, list the layers that the needle needs to pass through
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Ligamentum flavum
Epidural space
Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Subarachnoid space
