Diencephalon Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

DIENCEPHALON

diencephalon is the part of the brain between the____ above and___ below.
It extends transversely from the_____ to _____
The____ sulcus divides the diencephalon into two parts:a dorsal part (pars dorsalis) and a ventral part (pars ventralis).

cerebrum ;midbrain

interventricular foramen; posterior commissure.

hypothalamic

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DIENCEPHALON

Pars dorsalis consists of the____,____,and____

Pars ventralis consists of the _____and____
The cavity of the diencephalon is the ____

thalamus, metathalamus, and epithalamus

hypothalamus and subthalamus

third ventricle.

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The subthalamic nucleus is included with the___ nuclei to which it is closely related ____ally.

basal

function

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THALAMUS

Is the main sensory relay station on the pathway of all sensations (except ____) to the cerebral cortex.
Anatomically, the thalamus (or____ thalamus) is a large __-shaped mass of grey matter that lies immediately ___ to the third ventricle
__ends;__ surfaces

Smell
dorsal

egg

lateral

2;4

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THALAMUS

The anterior end (or pole) is (narrow or wide?) and forms the____ boundary of interventricular foramen.
-The posterior end (or pole) is (narrower or broader?) and is called the ____. It lies just above and lateral to the_______.

Narrow

posterior

Broader

pulvinar

superior colliculus

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THALAMUS

The pulvinar is separated from the geniculate bodies by the ______

The medial surface forms the greater part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle and is lined by_____.
The medial surfaces of the two thalami are usually connected by a mass of __ matter called the______ (aka ______)
Inferiorly, the medial surface of thalamus is separated from the hypothalamus by the ______

brachium of the superior colliculus.

ependyma

grey; interthalamic adhesion

connexus interthalamicus

hypothalamic sulcus.

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THALAMUS

The hypothalamic sulcus runs from the ______ to _____

The _____ surface of the thalamus is related to the internal capsule, which separates it from the _____
This ___ surface itself is separated from internal capsule by the______ of thalamus and the________

interventricular foramen to the cerebral aqueduct

lateral; lentiform nucleus

lateral; reticular nucleus; external medullary lamina

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THALAMUS

The  superior (or dorsal) surface  of the thalamus is related laterally to the \_\_\_\_ of \_\_\_\_\_, from which it is separated by\_\_\_\_\_ groove.  
-A bundle of efferent nerve fibres from amygdala called the \_\_\_\_\_, and the ———  lie in this groove.

body of caudate nucleus

thalamocaudate

stria terminalis; thalamostriate vein

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The lateral part of superior surface of thalamus and the body of caudate nucleus together form the ____ of the ___ part of the lateral ventricle
- The medial part of the superior surface of the thalamus is, however, separated from the ventricle by the____ and by a fold of pia mater called the ______

floor

central

fornix

tela choroidea.

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The inferior surface of the thalamus is related to the hypothalamus and the ——- thalamus.

ventral

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The ventral thalamus separates the thalamus from the —— of the midbrain.

tegmentum

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At the junction of the medial and superior surfaces of the thalamus, the ependyma of the third ventricle is reflected from the lateral wall to the roof. The line of reflection is marked by a line called the ______. Underlying it there is a narrow bundle of fibres called the_______

taenia thalami

stria medullaris thalami (stria habenularis)

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The superior surface of thalamus is covered by a thin layer of white matter called the _____ and its lateral surface, by a similar layer called the _____. Internally a ‘_’ shaped bundle of white matter called _____ divides the grey matter of thalamus into three major groups of nuclei:_____,____,and_____

stratum zonale

external medullary lamina

Y; internal medullary lamina

anterior, medial and lateral

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Grey matter of thalamus
-Nuclei in the Anterior Part The group of nuclei in this part is collectively referred to as the anterior nucleus and is predominantly ____ in function.

limbic

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Nuclei in the Medial Part of the thalamus
- The largest of these is the ______. It is divisible into a _____ part (anteromedial) and a _____ part (posterolateral). This nucleus is_____ in connections and functions.

medial dorsal nucleus

magnocellular

parvocellular

limbic

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The reticular nucleus on the___ aspect of thalamus (___tory, ___ergic neurons

lateral

inhibi; GABA

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Reticular nuclei of the thalamus

Specific or non specific function

Non specific

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Nuclei in the Lateral Part of the thalamus:ventral group and a dorsal group: The nuclei in the ventral group are as follows (in anteroposterior order):

____ nucleus
_____nucleus (also called the ____ nucleus)
_____ nucleus, which is further subdivided into the ____ nucleus, and the _____nucleus.

Ventral anterior

Ventral lateral ; ventral intermediate

Ventral posterior; ventral posterolateral

ventral posteromedial

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While ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei are important for___ integration, ventral posteromedial and ventral posterolateral nuclei play an important role in ___ integration.

motor

sensory

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The nuclei of the dorsal group(______group) of the thalamus are as follows (in anteroposterior order): •____ nucleus
•_____ nucleus
•_____
-

sensory modulator

Lateral dorsal

Lateral posterior

Pulvinar

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The intralaminar nuclei are embedded within the______

internal medullary lamina

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The ____ nuclei of the thalamus consist of scattered cells that lie between the medial part of the thalamus and the ependyma of 3rd ventricle

midline

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Papez circuit is for_____ memory

emotional episodic

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Dorsomedial nucleus:

involved in ___ memory,___,____
takes 3 dicks in: from____,___,and_____
sends the cum to_____

emotional

motivation, and drive

olfactory cortex,amygdala, and hypothalamus

prefrontal cortex

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korsakoff’s syndrome can affect Dorsomedial nucleus T/F

Important nuclei in the Metathalamus?

Medial and lateral geniculate bodies

Important nuclei in the Subthalamus?

Subthalamic, Zona incerta

VPM of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______

Trigeminothalamic;solitariothalamic Area 3,1,2

VPL of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______

DCML;Spinothalamic Area 3,1,2

VAN of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______

Basal ganglia and pars reticularis of SN Area 6

VLN of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____,____,and ____ tracts and sends it to the ______

Dentate nuclei of cerebellum Basal ganglia and pars reticularis of SN Area 4

Anterior nucleus of the thalamus receives fibers from the ____ and sends it to the ______

Mammillary body Cingulate gyrus

Dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus relays fibers to the _____

Prefrontal Cortex

Pulvinar of the thalamus receives fibers from the____,____, ____ and sends it to the ______

Geniculate bodies,superior colliculus and inferior colliculus Association areas of parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

Medial geniculate of the subthalamus receives fibers from the ____ and sends it to the ______

Brachium OF IC Auditory cortex

Lateral geniculate of the subthalamus receives fibers from the ____ and sends it to the ______

Optic tract Visual cortex

Anterior nucleus of the thalamus receives fibers from the____,and ____and sends it to the ______

Mamillothalamic;hippocampus Cingulate gyrus

Lateral dorsal and Lateral posterior of the thalamus receive fibers from the ____ and ___ respectively and relays it to the ____ and ___ respectively

Hippocampus ; parietal lobe Cingulate gyrus and parietal lobe

Clinical significance Ablation of the posterior part of____ nucleus can reduce tremors in parkinsonism because this nucleus receives inputs from_____

ventral lateral corpus striatum

HYPOTHALAMUS - lies below the thalamus and is separated from it by the _____ - parts of hypothalamus are located in the ____ fossa and they form the____ of third ventricle. - On the medial side, it forms the____ of the third ventricle below the level of the hypothalamic sulcus.

hypothalamic sulcus. interpeduncular floor lateral wall

Most part of hypothalamus is hidden T/F

Boundaries of Hypothalamus - Laterally, it is in contact with the_____, and (in the posterior part) with the_____ - Posteriorly, the hypothalamus merges with the______ and through it, with the____ of the midbrain. - Anteriorly, it extends up to the____, and merges with certain___ structures in the region of the ____ perforated substance.

internal capsule ventral thalamus (subthalamus) ventral thalamus tegmentum lamina terminalis; olfactory; anterior

Inferiorly, the hypothalamus forms structures in the____ of the third ventricle. These are the_____,___,and_____

floor tuber cinereum, the infundibulum, and the mamillary bodies.

``` Subdivisions of Hypothalamus from medial to lateral side: -_____ -______ -______ ```

Periventricular Intermediate Lateral

The periventricular and intermediate zones of Hypothalamus are often described collectively as the _____ zone.

medial

The______ of the _____ lies between the medial and lateral zones of Hypothalamus . mamillothalamic tract and the fasciculus retroflexus also lie in this plane.

column of the fornix

From front To back of the hypothalamus - The_____ region - The_____ (or______) region - The____ (or______) region - The_____ (or_____) region

preoptic supraoptic; chiasmatic tuberal; infundibulotuberal mamillary; posterior

From front To back of the hypothalamus - The preoptic region adjoins the_____ and is anterior to the_____ - The supraoptic region lies above the____ - The tuberal region includes the ___, the _____, and the region above it. - The mamillary region consists of the_____ and the region above them

lamina terminalis; optic chiasma. optic chiasma infundibulum; tuber cinereum mamillary bodies

Mention the nucleus in the medial side preoptic supraoptic tuberal mamillary

Medial preoptic nucleus Supraoptic, anterior hypothalamic,suprachiasmatic,paraventricular Arcuate nucleus, ventromedial and Dorsomedial Mammillary bodies ;posterior hypothalamic

Main nucleus in the lateral zone of the hypothalamus is ——-?

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei

Mammillary bodies: involved with_____ memory and reflex memory associated with____

episodic smell

Fornix connects _____ to hypothalamus in _____ function

Hippocampal formation Papez circuit for recent memory

Amygdaloid nucleus connects to hypothalamus by _____ and _____ tracts

Stria terminalis Ventral and amygdalofugal pathway

______ and _____fibers from Locus coeruleus and Raphe nucleus respectively to hypothalamus for _____ function

Noradrenergic fibres Serotoninergic fibres Circadian rhythm

Retina connects to the hypothalamus by ______ fibers for ____ purpose

Retinohypothalamic fibers Circadian rhythm

____from lateral hypothalamic nuclei stimulates_____

Orexins hunger

Arcuate nucleus acts on ____ and_____ nuclei

LHN VMN

From ____ and ____ nuclei hypothalamus to Posterior pituitary by ____ and ____ tracts to release _____ and ____ respectively

PVN and Supraoptic Paraventriculohypophyseal tract Supraopticohypophyseal tract Release of oxytocin Release of ADH

From _____ of hypothalamus to Anterior nucleus of the thalamus by _____ tract for _____ function

Mamillary bodies Mamillothalamic tract Papez

From _____ of hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland by ______ for _____ function

Arcuate nucleus Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system Release of GHRH, PIH, TRH, CRH and GnRH

From _______ of hypothalamus to L1-L2 of spinal cord by ______ tract for ____ function

Posterior hypothalamic nuclei Hypothalamospinal tract Autonomic

From _____ of hypothalamus to parasympathetic nuclei by ______ tract for ____ function

Anterior hypothalamic nuclei Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Parasympathetic function

Control of Autonomic Activity by hypothalamus (A)anterior hypothalamic nucleus sends ____ nerves to -_______(CN_) -______(CN_) -______(CN_) -______(CN_) -pregang___ neurons at ____ vertebrae *receives fibers from_____ about—— and cvs stuff

Parasympathetic edinger westphal ;3 superior salivatory;7 inferior salivatory;9 dorsal nuclei of vagus;10 psns; S2-S4 NTS;taste

Posterior hypothalamic nuclei sends fibers to the reticular formation T/F

F | It’s anterior that does it

Stimulation of medial areas of the hypothalamus produces sensations of pleasure, while stimulation of lateral areas produces pain or other unpleasant effects. T/F

F Apparently, medial is pain; lateral is pleasure

Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus (a) by arcuate nucleus: - releases hormones in a portal that acts on the____ pituitary - releases both____ hormones and____ hormones List them

anterior releasing; inhibitory GRH and GIH CRH and CIH TRH and TIH PIH

Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus (a)by arcuate nucleus: release GRH and GIH in AP that would modulate production of____ hormone - release CRH and CIH in AP that would modulate production of____ - release PIH in AP that would modulate production of_____ - release TRH and TIH in AP that would modulate production of____

growth ACTH prolactin TSH

Prolactin inhibitory hormone is basically_____

dopamine

Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus By MPON List them

GnRH and GnIH

Control of Endocrine Activity by hypothalamus MPON: -release GnRH and GnIH in AP that would modulate production of ____ and ____ that control _____ and ____production in females respectively and______ and ____ production in males respectively

FSH and LH estrogen and progesterone sperm production and testosterone

circadian rhythms are believed to be controlled by the____, which is said to function as a_____. The_____ nucleus is believed to play an important role in this regard.It receives afferent from the eye through______ tract and sends efferent to_____.

hypothalamus biological clock suprachiasmatic retinahypothalamic pineal gland

Lesions of the hypothalamus disturb the sleep-waking cycle. T/F

_____ nucleus of the hypothalamus is known as sexually dimporphic

Medial pre optic nucleus

______ nucleus of Hypothalamus is for heat-loss and ____ nucleus of Hypothalamus is for heat-rise

Anterior nucleus Posterior nucleus

Lesion in _____ nucleus causes hypothermia Lesion in _____ nucleus causes hyperthermia

Posterior Anterior

Lesion at MPON leads to insatiable libido | T/F

F Causes loss of libido

Lesions of ____ nucleus of Hypothalamus causes anorexia Lesions of ____ nucleus of Hypothalamus causes obesity

Lateral hypothalamic nuclei Ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei

Lesions of mamillary body of Hypothalamus causes_____

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Lesions of Supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus can cause ______

Diabetes insipidus

Kleine-Levin syndrome: Lesions of___ part of hypothalamus causes problems in satiety resulting in periods of somnolence followed by hyperphagia Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADDH): Lesions of _____ nucleus results in improper ADH secretion and diabetes insipidus

medial supraoptic

EPITHALAMUS - The epithalamus lies in relation to the _____ part of the roof of the third ventricle and in the adjoining part of its lateral wall. - The structures included in the epithalamus are as follows: * ______ body * ______ nuclei—medial and lateral * Stria_____ (stria_____) and ____ commissure * _____ commissure

posterior Pineal body Habenular medullaris thalami; habenularis; habenular Posterior

SUBTHALAMUS - The part of the diencephalon that is called the ____ thalamus lies below the_____ part of the thalamus, behind and (medial or lateral ?) to the hypothalamus. - Inferiorly, the ventral thalamus is continuous with the____ of ____ - Laterally, it is related to the lowest part of the____

ventral posterior Lateral tegmentum of the midbrain. internal capsule.

The main masses of grey matter that are included in the ventral thalamus are the ____ nucleus (previously described as part of the dorsal thalamus) and the_____

reticular zona incerta

Fibers passing through the subthalamus includes the ____ and _____

Ansa lenticularIs and fasciculus lenticularis

Diencephalon Flashcards

(84 cards)