Ch. 10-11: Old Quiz Questions

Question 1

The stage of prenatal development during which MOST miscarriages are likely to occur is the

a. zygotic stage.
b. germinal stage.
c. fetal stage.
d. embryonic stage.

Answer 1

d. embryonic stage.

Question 2

The cell mass that develops from the fertilized egg implants itself in the uterine wall during the ____ stage of prenatal development.

a. fertilization
b. fetal
c. embryonic
d. germinal

Answer 2

d. germinal

Question 3

Sandy suffered from depression while she was pregnant. Because of this, it is MOST likely that her child will later demonstrate

a. mental retardation.
b. behavioral problems.
c. antisocial personality traits.
d. schizophrenia.

Answer 3

b. behavioral problems.

Question 4

The fact that children in different cultures ____ in the age at which basic motor skills appear demonstrates that ____.

a. vary somewhat; genetic factors can slow or accelerate early motor development
b. vary somewhat; environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development
c. do not vary; genetic factors alone determine early motor development
d. do not vary; environmental factors alone determine early motor development

Answer 4

b. vary somewhat; environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development

Question 5

Kara takes her one-year-old son, Delaney, to visit a daycare center where she plans to enroll him. Delaney appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore the playroom, even though Kara is close by. When his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms, Delaney becomes extremely upset. When Kara returns, he clings to her leg but does not calm down and continues to sob. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who

a. share a secure attachment relationship.
b. share an avoidant attachment relationship.
c. have not yet developed an attachment relationship.
d. share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.

Answer 5

d. share an anxious-ambivalent attachment relationship.

Question 6

Avoidant attachments seem to be ____ common in German infants and ____ common in Japanese infants than in American infants.

a. more; more
b. more; less
c. less; more
d. less; less

Answer 6

b. more; less

Question 7

Underextension would be evident if a three-year-old child

a. used a word too broadly.
b. used telegraphic speech to communicate complex ideas.
c. used a word too narrowly.
d. failed to utilize fast mapping.

Answer 7

c. used a word too narrowly.

Question 8

A child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development will acquire

a. an ability to initiate his or her own activities.
b. self-sufficiency.
c. a sense of competence.
d. optimism and trust toward the world.

Answer 8

d. optimism and trust toward the world.

Question 9

If an infant’s basic biological needs are met by others and sound attachments are formed during the first year of life, the infant will, MOST likely, successfully resolve the crisis associated with the ____ stage.

a. industry versus inferiority
b. trust versus mistrust
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt
d. initiative versus guilt

Answer 9

b. trust versus mistrust

Question 10

When Teresa’s mother hides her favorite doll under a blanket, Teresa acts as if it no longer exists and makes no attempt to look for it. Based on this information, you can infer that Teresa is in Piaget’s

a. sensorimotor period of cognitive development.
b. formal period of cognitive development.
c. concrete period of cognitive development.
d. preoperational period of cognitive development.

Answer 10

a. sensorimotor period of cognitive development.

Question 11

When Matthew saw his older brother’s bicycle fall off its kick stand, Matthew told his brother that the bicycle must be tired from being ridden too much. Matthew’s statement illustrates the type of thinking that Piaget referred to as

a. centration.
b. animism.
c. preformal operations.
d. conservation.

Answer 11

b. animism.

Question 12

Gerard watched as a researcher placed five toy station wagons and three toy convertibles on a table. The researcher asked him if there were more station wagons or more cars, and Gerard correctly answered that there were more cars. Gerard’s answer indicates that he has mastered

a. conservation of number.
b. object permanence.
c. preaccommodation.
d. hierarchical classification problems.

Answer 12

d. hierarchical classification problems.

Question 13

If a ball that a five-month-old infant is playing with rolls under a chair (and out of sight), the infant will not look for it. Piaget believed that this occurs because the infant

a. does not understand the concept of roll.
b. has a short attention span.
c. has not developed conservation.
d. has not developed object permanence.

Answer 13

d. has not developed object permanence.

Question 14

It is probably fair to say that Piaget

a. overestimated the abilities of young children.
b. adequately addressed the question of individual differences.
c. focused somewhat too heavily on the role of maturation.
d. relied too much on cross-cultural research.

Answer 14

c. focused somewhat too heavily on the role of maturation.

Question 15

In the 1960s, even though most of his friends tried recreational drugs, Sebastian refused to experiment. He did not think the drugs were likely to be harmful, but using drugs was illegal, and he believes each person has a moral obligation to obey society’s rules. Sebastian’s reasons for NOT experimenting with drugs reflect

a. preconventional moral reasoning.
b. conventional moral reasoning.
c. postconventional moral reasoning.
d. social moral reasoning.

Answer 15

b. conventional moral reasoning.

Question 16

Physical features NOT directly associated with reproduction that are associated with one’s gender are referred to as

a. primary sexual characteristics.
b. secondary sexual characteristics.
c. tertiary sexual characteristics.
d. nonsexual characteristics.

Answer 16

b. secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 17

The last area of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the

a. hypothalamus.
b. prefrontal cortex.
c. occipital cortex.
d. medulla.

Answer 17

b. prefrontal cortex.

Question 18

After considering a number of possible majors and careers, Christi has decided to major in business management and work in advertising. Christi has recently established the identity status of

a. identity achievement.
b. identity diffusion.
c. identity foreclosure.
d. identity moratorium.

Answer 18

a. identity achievement.

Question 19

During Erikson’s crisis of intimacy versus isolation, the key concern involves developing the capacity to share intimacy with others. This stage is associated with

a. adolescence.
b. early adulthood.
c. middle adulthood.
d. late adulthood.

Answer 19

b. early adulthood.

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding marital satisfaction is FALSE?

a. The more children couples have, the lower their level of marital satisfaction.
b. Parents exhibit lower marital satisfaction than non-parents.
c. Parents of adolescents exhibit lower marital satisfaction than parents of infants.
d. Mothers of infants exhibit the largest decrease in marital satisfaction.

Answer 20

c. Parents of adolescents exhibit lower marital satisfaction than parents of infants.

Question 21

Which of the following does NOT describe a cognitive change associated with adult aging?

a. Intellectual productivity begins to decline after age 50.
b. Speed in learning, solving problems, and processing information declines with age.
c. Memory losses associated with normal aging are moderate.
d. Problem-solving ability may remain unimpaired.

Answer 21

a. Intellectual productivity begins to decline after age 50.

Question 22

One’s sex is ____ determined; one’s gender is ____ determined.

a. culturally; biologically
b. culturally; culturally
c. biologically; culturally
d. biologically; biologically

Answer 22

c. biologically; culturally

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT one of the potential concerns regarding some data suggesting that prenatal hormones contribute to the shaping of gender differences?

a. Correlational studies do not establish causation.
b. The conclusions are based on large samples from a variety of cultures, making it difficult to draw general conclusions.
c. It is risky to draw conclusions about the population based on small samples.
d. The findings are much stronger for females than for males.

Answer 23

b. The conclusions are based on large samples from a variety of cultures, making it difficult to draw general conclusions.

Question 24

____________ tend to exhibit greater cerebral specialization; ___________ tend to have a larger corpus callosum.

a. females; females
b. Males; males
c. Females; males
d. Males; females

Answer 24

d. Males; females

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of adolescence?

a. identity versus confusion
b. formal operational stage of cognitive development
c. preconventional level of moral development
d. growth spurt

Answer 25

c. preconventional level of moral development

Question 26

Nikolas is a nonconformist who is daring and likes to try new things. He is extremely imaginative and has a wide range of interests. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Nikolas would probably score

a. high in openness to experience.
b. low in neuroticism.
c. high in extraversion.
d. high in agreeableness.

Answer 26

a. high in openness to experience.

Question 27

People high in ________________ tend to experience less physical illness than other people.

a. agreeableness
b. conscientiousness
c. neuroticism
d. extraversion

Answer 27

b. conscientiousness

Question 28

A person who tends to be selfish, demanding, and oblivious to the rights of other people would appear to have a stronger ____ than ____.

a. ego; superego
b. unconscious; conscious
c. superego; id
d. id; superego

Answer 28

d. id; superego

Question 29

Psychoanalytic theory stresses all of the following EXCEPT

a. conscious thought patterns.
b. childhood experiences.
c. internal conflicts.
d. handling of sexual impulses.

Answer 29

a. conscious thought patterns.

Question 30

Sigmund Freud would have been LEAST likely to make which of the following statements?

a. Most behavior is rooted in the unconscious.
b. Most of our behavior is rationally directed.
c. A great deal of our behavior and thoughts are symbolic of hidden motives.
d. Behavior is the outcome of an interaction among several components of personality.

Answer 30

b. Most of our behavior is rationally directed.

Question 31

While cleaning up after her party last night, Angela forgot to put the leftover crab dip in the refrigerator. When she discovered the now-spoiled dip in the morning, Angela said she didn’t mind having to throw it out because it wasn’t that good anyway. MOST likely, Angela is using

a. reaction formation.
b. repression.
c. rationalization.
d. regression.

Answer 31

c. rationalization.

Question 32

Todd was physically abused up until the age of eight. He is now 40 years old and has absolutely no memories of the early abuse that he experienced. According to Freud, Todd may be unconsciously dealing with the potential anxiety related to his abuse using the defense mechanism of

a. projection.
b. repression.
c. reaction formation.
d. regression.

Answer 32

b. repression.

Question 33

Failure to resolve conflict at a particular stage of psychosexual development may lead to failure to move forward psychologically, a phenomenon that Freud called

a. fixation.
b. displacement.
c. reciprocal determinism.
d. compensation.

Answer 33

a. fixation.

Question 34

Five-year-old Samuel often tells his older sister, “I can’t wait to grow up, so I can marry mommy.” Samuel is most likely in the stage of personality development that Freud referred to as the

a. anal stage.
b. oral stage.
c. phallic stage.
d. latency stage.

Answer 34

c. phallic stage.

Question 35

Four-year-old Sam has erotically tinged desires for his mother and also feels hostility toward his father. Freud would conclude that Sam is experiencing the

a. Oedipal complex.
b. phallic complex.
c. identification complex.
d. genital complex.

Answer 35

a. Oedipal complex.

Question 36

Adler is to individual psychology as Jung is to

a. depth psychology.
b. existential psychology.
c. analytical psychology.
d. Gestalt psychology.

Answer 36

c. analytical psychology.

Question 37

If Tim is a typical young child, Adler would believe that Tim has

a. an accurate self-concept.
b. feelings of inferiority.
c. feelings of superiority.
d. strong sexual desires.

Answer 37

b. feelings of inferiority.

Question 38

Which of the following definitions of “personality” best reflects the views of B. F. Skinner?

a. stable behavioral traits that evolve as a function of natural selection
b. a collection of response tendencies that are tied to various stimulus situations
c. consistent patterns of behavior that occur as a result of unconscious impulses
d. innate behavioral tendencies that reflect a unique pattern of genetic predispositions

Answer 38

a. stable behavioral traits that evolve as a function of natural selection

Question 39

Mr. Gorst is a very patient individual who always has time for any questions his children might ask. If Mr. Gorst’s children grow up to be patient individuals, the development of this personality trait would be BEST explained using the concept of

a. positive reinforcement.
b. extinction.
c. observational learning.
d. rationalization.

Answer 39

c. observational learning.

Question 40

You are in a debate with a friend who argues that people’s behavior is much less consistent across situations than most theorists assumed. Whose theory of personality is your friend’s argument MOST similar to?

a. Carl Rogers
b. Walter Mischel
c. B. F. Skinner
d. Albert Bandura

Answer 40

b. Walter Mischel

Question 41

Which of the following theoretical perspectives would be MOST likely to argue that a person’s subjective view of the world is more important than the objective reality?

a. behavioral approach
b. cognitive approach
c. humanistic approach
d. biological approach

Answer 41

c. humanistic approach

Question 42

According to Rogers, experiences that threaten a person’s self-concept often result in the person experiencing

a. a reevaluation of their self-concept.
b. self-actualization.
c. depression.
d. anxiety.

Answer 42

d. anxiety.

Question 43

Fourteen-year-old Jessica knows she has made some bad choices at times, and these choices have gotten her into serious trouble on a number of occasions. However, she is confident that her parents love her, in spite of her mistakes. Based on the theory developed by Carl Rogers, Jessica perceives her parents’ affection as

a. unconditional, and she is likely to develop incongruence in her self-concept.
b. conditional, and she is likely to develop congruence in her self-concept.
c. unconditional, and she is likely to develop congruence in her self-concept.
d. conditional, and she is likely to develop incongruence in her self-concept.

Answer 43

c. unconditional, and she is likely to develop congruence in her self-concept.

Question 44

Your needs to learn all you can about philosophy and understand the inner workings of our political system are examples of ____ needs.

a. aesthetic
b. esteem
c. cognitive
d. self-actualization

Answer 44

c. cognitive

Question 45

Which of the following is one of the major criticisms of the humanistic approach to personality?

a. It is too deterministic
b. It is too optimistic about human nature
c. It presents a fragmented view of personality
d. It de-emphasizes the subjective nature of self-concept

Answer 45

b. It is too optimistic about human nature

Question 46

Although identical twins clearly have different personalities, the findings from twin studies indicate that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins on which of the following?

a. neuroticism
b. extraversion
c. conscientiousness
d. All the personality traits in the five-factor model of personality.

Answer 46

d. All the personality traits in the five-factor model of personality.

Question 47

According to the evolutionary approach to personality, it is speculated that humans have evolved special sensitivity to variations in the tendency to be reliable and ethical, which is closely associated with which of the following Big Five personality traits?

a. neuroticism
b. extraversion
c. agreeableness
d. conscientiousness

Answer 47

d. conscientiousness

Question 48

Jack speculates that humans share an evolutionary heritage with other animals that includes instinctive drift drive for self-preservation, but unlike animals, humans have also evolved complex cognitive abilities that permit self-awareness. Jack’s speculations are similar to the speculations of personality put forward by the

a. evolutionary perspective.
b. behavioral perspective.
c. terror management theory.
d. humanistic theory.

Answer 48

c. terror management theory.

Question 49

Mike is from Australia. Based on research using the Big Five personality traits, you would predict Mike will be high in

a. extraversion.
b. conscientiousness.
c. agreeableness.
d. openness to experience.

Answer 49

a. extraversion.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT one of the main uses of personality scales?

a. personnel selection
b. clinical diagnosis
c. college admissions
d. psychological research

Answer 50

c. college admissions