Ch 10, 15, 11 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
its major functions are to warm, filter, and humidify air as it enters the body through the nose and mouth
A
upper airway
2
Q
what is the pharynx composed of?
A
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
3
Q
is sterile and delivers oxygen to the alveoli
A
lower airway
4
Q
the space between the vocal cords and the narrowest portion of the adults airway
A
glottis
5
Q
space between the lungs that contains the heart, great vessels, the esophagus, the trachea, major bronchi, and many nerves
A
mediastinum
6
Q
the physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs
A
ventilation
7
Q
the process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream
A
oxygenation
8
Q
the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli as well as tissues of the body
A
respiration
9
Q
term used to describe the amount of gas in air or dissolved in fluid
A
partial pressure
10
Q
what is the entire process of inspiration focused on?
A
delivering oxygen to the alveoli
11
Q
“backup system” secondary control of breathing
A
hypoxic drive
12
Q
failure to meet the body needs for oxygen
A
hypoxia
13
Q
signs of hypoxia
A
Early -restlessness -anxiety -tachycardia Late -ALOC -thready pulse -cyanosis
14
Q
the process of breathing fresh air into the respiratory system and exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between then alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries (pulmonary respiration)
A
external respiration
15
Q
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the systemic circulatory system and the cells of the body
A
internal respiration
16
Q
what happens when there is no gas exchange?
A
results in lack of oxygen diffusing across the membrane and into circulation, carbon dioxide is recirculated within the bloodstream, and could lead to severe hypoxemia
17
Q
what are the suction time limits for adult, children, and infants?
A
adult: 15 secs
children: 10 secs
infants: 5 secs
18
Q
how do you measure the catheter for suctioning?
A
measure from the corner of the patients mouth to the edge of earlobe
19
Q
what to do when a patient requires assisted ventilations who also produce a frothy secretion as soon as you suction?
A
suction patients airway for 15 seconds, then ventilate for two minutes; continue this till all secretions are cleared
20
Q
oropharyngeal airway (opa) indications/contraindications
A
- indications- create/maintain a patent airway in a unconscious patient with no gag reflex
- contraindications-if the patient has a gag reflex
21
Q
how do you insert a opa?
A
- select size by measuring from the patients earlobe to the corner of the mouth
- insert the airway with the tip facing the roof of the mouth
- rotate the airway 180 degrees
22
Q
nasopharyngeal airway (npa) indications/contraindications
A
- indications-create/maintain a patent airway in a conscious or semiconscious patient with a gag reflex
- contraindications-pediatric patient under 1 year of age (infant)
23
Q
how do you insert a npa?
A
- measure airway from the patients earlobe to the side/tip of the nose and the diameter of the patients small finger
- insert with the bevel (cut part) facing the septum
24
Q
how to place an oxygen cylinder into service?
A
- “crack” the cylinder by slowly opening and then reclining the valve
- place the regulator collar over the cylinder with the pins lined up and lock into place
- open cylinder completely looking for leaks then connect the oxygen connective tubing to the flowmeter
25
normal oxygen range for COPD patients
88-92%
26
normal oxygen range for a healthy adult
94-98%
27
nasal cannula
- low flow
- 1-6 L/min
- 24 to44% oxygen delivered
28
nonrebreathing mask with reservoir
- make sure reservoir bag is filled before given to patient
- high flow
- 10 to 15 L/min
- up to 95% oxygen delivered
29
bvm with reservoir
- high flow
- 15 L/min
- nearly 100% oxygen delivered
30
mouth to mask device
- 15 L/min
| - nearly 55% oxygen delivered
31
s/s of inadequate ventilation
- ALOC
| - inadequate minute volume
32
steps to assist a patient ventilate with a bvm
- place mask over patients mouths and nose
- squeeze bag each time the patient breathes, maintain same rate as the patient
- after initial 5 to 10 breaths, slowly adjust the rate and deliver appropriate tidal volume
33
inflation of the stomach with air
gastric distention
34
method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
35
fluid in the bases
rales
36
bronchial constriction; heard during exhalation
wheezing
37
course bubbling
rhonchi
38
upper airway obstruction; heard during inhalation
stridor
39
indications for CPAP
- severe asthma
| - pulmonary edema
40
indications for nonrebreather mask
patients with:
- actual or impending respiratory failure
- traumatic brain injury
- suspected or confirmed to toxins
41
indications for positive-pressure ventilations (bvm)
patients with:
- inadequate respirations or tidal volume
- respiratory failure
- respiratory arrest
42
what to do with a patient with dentures?
if they are loose they should be removed
43
upper airway infection, inflammation and swelling of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea; viral infection
croup
44
upper airway infection, a life threatening inflammatory disease of the epiglottis; bacterial infection
epiglottitis
45
signs of epilottitis
fever, chills, nausea/vomiting, stridor and drooling
46
signs of croup
fever, chills, nausea/vomiting, stridor, barking seal cough
47
an infection in the lungs and breathing passages; highly contagious and spreads by droplets when a patient coughs or sneezes
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
48
lower airway infection, an infection of the lungs
pneumonia
49
signs of pneumonia
chest pain, fever, sweating, and warm
50
airborne bacterial infection, patient will be feverish and exhibit a "whoop" sound on inspiration after a coughing attack
pertussis (whooping cough)
51
a bacterial infection that affects the lungs
tuberculosis
52
bsi when in contact of a tuberculosis patient
at minimum of gloves, eye protection, and N-95 respirator
53
a buildup of fluid in the lungs
pulmonary edema
54
s/s of acute pulmonary edema
dyspnea, frothy pink sputum, rales, near drowning, pneumonia, toxic gas inhalation, inhalation of super heated gases, and history of chronic CHF
55
slow process of dilation and disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial constriction
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
56
cyanotic, destruction of cilia, tend to be overweight, production of large quantities of sputum, productive cough
chronic bronchitis (blue bloaters)
57
barrel chest, polycythemia, pursed lip breathing, hypoxic drive, and prone to spontaneous pneumothorax due to alveoli damage
emphysema (pink puffers)
58
"wet" lung sounds
rhonchi, crackles
59
"dry" lung sounds
wheezing
60
who will have "wet" lung sounds?
patients with pulmonary edema caused often most by CHF
61
who will have "dry" lung sounds?
patients with COPD
62
treatment for acute pulmonary edema
provide 100% oxygen, suction if needed, position comfortably, provide CPAP if indicated, and transport promptly
63
no pattern, depths/rates vary with pauses
ataxic breathing (biots)
64
pattern of decreasing rate/depth until occurs followed by increasing rate/depth
cheyne-stokes respiration
65
lack of spontaneous breathing
apnea
66
air trapping and accessory muscle use
barrel chest
67
excess of red blood cells
polycythemia
68
loss of lung elasticity and to avoid atelectasis-collapse of alveoli
pursed lip breathing
69
generic name for inhaler medication
albuterol
70
indications for albuterol
s/s of severe respiratory distress (coughing, difficulty speaking, ands wheezing)
if the drug meets dicce
71
contraindications of albuterol
patient can't follow simple commands
| patient has taken max amount of dosage
72
side effects of albuterol
increased heart rate
nervousness
muscle tremors
73
causes of pulmonary embolism
```
Birth Control
Atrial Fibrillation
Deep vein thrombosis
Prolonged immobilization
Recent surgery
Long bone fracture
Sickle cell anemia
(BADPRLS)
```
74
s/s of hyperventilation
anxiety, numbness, dizziness, tachypnea, tingling in hands, feet, and lips, and a sense of dyspnea despite rapid breathing
75
asthma, hay fever, and anaphylaxis are all a result of what?
an allergic reaction to an inhaled, ingested, or injected substance
76
an acute spasm of the bronchioles associated with mucus production and with swelling of the mucous lining of the respiratory passages
asthma
77
allergic rhinitis, cause cold like symptoms including runny nose, sneezing, congestion, and sinus pressure; symptoms are caused by outdoor airborne allergens such as pollen or inside allergens such as dust mites and pet dander
hay fever
78
a severe allergic reaction characterized by airway swelling
anaphylaxis
79
a collection of fluid outside the lung on one or both sides of the chest; happens in response to irritation, infection, CHF, or cancer
pleural effusion
80
what will you hear with pleural effusion?
decreased lung sounds
81
s/s of pulmonary emboli
dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea, various degrees of hypoxia, cyanosis, acute chest pain, hemoptysis
82
the buildup of excess acid in the blood or the body tissues that results from the primary illness
acidosis
83
the buildup of excess base (lack of acid) in the body fluids
alkalosis
84
colorless, odorless, tasteless, and highly poisonous gas known as the "silent killer"
carbon monoxide
85
genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system
cystic fibrosis
86
the study of the properties and effects of medications
pharmacology
87
the process by which a medication works on the body
pharmacodynamics
88
a medication that causes stimulation of receptors
agonist
89
a medication that binds to a receptor and blocks other medications
antagonist
90
the amount of medication given on the basis of the patients size and age
dose
91
absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination
pharmacokinetics
92
the therapeutic uses for a specific medication
indications
93
conditions that make a particular medication or treatment inappropriate because it would not help, or may actually harm, a patient
contraindications
94
any effects of a medication other than the desire ones
side effects
95
the original chemical name of a medication
generic name
96
the brand name that a manufacturer gives a medication
trade name
97
medications that are distributed to the patient only by pharmacists according to a physicians order
prescription medications
98
medications that may be purchased directly by a patient without a prescription
over the counter medications (OTC)
99
medications that enter the body through the digestive system
enternal medications
100
medications that enter the body by a route other than the digestive tract, skin, or mucous membranes
parenteral medications
101
through the rectum; a medication delivery route
per rectum (PR)
102
by mouth; a medication delivery route
oral
103
an injection directly into a vein; a medication delivery route
intravenous injection (IV)
104
an injection into the bone; a medication delivery route
intraosseous injection (IO)
105
injection into the fatty tissue between the skin and the muscle; a medication delivery route
subcutaneous injection (SC)
106
an injection into a muscle; a medication delivery route
intramuscular injection (IM)
107
breathing into the lungs
inhalation
108
under the tongue; a medication delivery route
sublingual
109
through the skin; a medication delivery route
transcutaneous (transdermal)
110
a delivery route in which a medication is pushed through a special atomizer device called a mucosal atomizer device into the naris
intranasal (IN)
111
a device that is used to change a liquid medication into a spray and push it into a nostril
mucosal atomizer device (MAD)
112
a liquid mixture that cannot be separated by filtering or allowing the mixture to stand
solution
113
a mixture of ground particles that are distributed evenly throughout a liquid but do not dissolve
suspension
114
a miniture spray canister through which droplets or particles of medication can be inhaled
metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
115
a semiliquid substance that his administered orally in capsule form or through plastic tubes
gel
116
an oral medication that binds and absorbs ingested toxins in the gastrointestinal tract for treatment of some poisonings and medication overdoses
activated charcoal
117
a simple sugar that is readily absorbed by the bloodstream
oral glucose
118
contraindications for aspirin
documented hypersensitivitys, existing liver damage, asthma, and bleeding disorders
119
a medication that increases heart rate and blood pressure but also eases breathing problems by decreasing muscle tone of the bronchiole tree
epinephrine
120
medication used to reverse the effect of an opioid overdose
naloxone
121
indications of naloxone
s/s of respiratory depression in a suspected opiod overdose with pinpoint pupils
122
inappropriate use of medication that could lead to patient harm
medication error
123
what to do if medication error occurs?
- provide appropriate patient care
- notify medical control
- document thoroughly, accurately, and honestly
- talk with your supervisor or medical director
124
what is dicce?
```
Drug/Doctor
Integrity
Clarity
Color
Expiration date
```
125
what are the "six rights"?
```
Right patient
Right medication
Right dose
Right route
Right time
Right documentation
```
