Ch 10: Values, Incentives, Attitudes

Question 1

Need

Answer 1

Resource requires for personal well being

Question 2

Motive

Answer 2

Force acting within an individual that causes them to seek an object or condition

Question 3

Incentive

Answer 3

External object or condition that evokes behavior

Question 4

Goal

Answer 4

Future state one strives to achieve

Question 5

Value

Answer 5

Enduring belief that is personally or socially preferable. (Milton, Rokeach, 1973)

Question 6

Typology of Human Needs

Answer 6

Henry Murray (1938)

Abasement
Achievement
Affiliation
Autonomy
Counteraction
Defendance
Deference
Dominance
Exhibition
Harm avoidance
Nurturance
Order
Play
Rejection
Sentience
Sex
Succorance
Understanding

Question 7

Hierarchy of preptoency

Answer 7

AKA Hierarchy of needs (Maslow)

Question 8

Alderfer’s ERG Model (1972)

Answer 8

Growth needs
Relatedness needs
Existence needs

Question 9

According to Crewson (1995), lower level employees value:

Answer 9

job security, benefits

Question 10

According to Crewon (1995), managers and executives value

Answer 10

Accomplishment & challenge

Question 11

Milton Rokeach’s Value Survey (1973) identified these two types of needs

Answer 11

Terminal Needs/Values

Instrumental Needs/Values

Question 12

Barnard, March and Simon said that it is the responsibility of _______________ to maintain flow of resources for employee incentives.

Answer 12

Executives/organizational leaders

Question 13

Clark & Wilson’s Typology of Organizations describes these primary organization incentives:

Answer 13

1. Material (wages, benefits)
2. Solidary (intangible, created by act of associating)
3. Purposive (intangible, satisfaction of contributing to worthy cause.

Question 14

Downs’ typology of public administrators

Answer 14

Climbers-pursue own self interest

Conservers-defend position and resources; make orgs rigid

Value focused: zealots, advocates, statesmen

Question 15

Service ethic

Answer 15

Desire to serve the public

Question 16

Public service motivation (PSM)

Answer 16

Work that benefits society

Question 17

Questions about Public Service Motivation

Answer 17

Can we define it clearly?

Can we measure and access how much of it a person has?

Question 18

Instrumental motives (Perry & Wise, 1990)

Answer 18

Policy formulation

Commitment to a public program

Advocacy for special, private interest

Question 19

Norm based motives (Perry Wise, 1990)

Answer 19

Desire to serve public interest, loyalty to duty, government, devotion to social equity.

Question 20

Affective motives (Perry & Wise, 1990)

Answer 20

Commitment to program based on convictions about social importance and patriotism of benevolence

Question 21

Patriotism of Benevelonce, Frederickson Hart (1985)

Answer 21

Affection for people in the nation; Devotion to defending basic rights granted by the constitution.

Question 22

Gene Brewer, Sally Selden and Rex Facer described these four types of employees who are motivated by public service

Answer 22

Samaritans: help people
Communitarians: civic duty
Patriots: public good
Humanitarians: social justice

Question 23

Motivation crowding says that pay can _______ intrinsic motivation under certain conditions.

Answer 23

diminish

Question 24

Job satisfaction

Answer 24

Is distinct from motivation and performance, but can influence them.

Poor job satisfaction results in high turnover, absenteeism and is costly for an organization.

Question 25

Role Senders

Answer 25

People who impose expectations and requirements on a person. Can be formal or informal. Include bosses, subordinates, coworkers, family.

Question 26

When expectations are ambiguous or conflicting,

Answer 26

stress level incrases

Question 27

Role ambiguity

Answer 27

lack of clear, sufficient information on responsibilities

Question 28

Role conflict

Answer 28

Incompatibility of role requirements

Question 29

Individual differences in the need for clarity and control impact

Answer 29

role conflict and ambiguity

Question 30

Calculative commitment, Angle & Perry (1981)

Answer 30

based on perceived material rewards an organization provides

Question 31

Normative commitment, Angle & Perry (1981)

Answer 31

Sees organization as a mechanism for enacting personal ideals and values

Question 32

Affective commitment, Meyer Allen (1991)

Answer 32

emotional attachment, identification and involvement with an organization

Question 33

Balfour & Wechsler's three forms of committment (1996)

Answer 33

1. Identification commitment: pride in working for the organization. 2. Affiliation commitment: belonging to the organization; described as a family. 3. Exchange commitment: Organization recognizes and appreciates the efforts and accomplishments of its members.

Question 34

Profession

Answer 34

Skill, education, training, competence, professional association, code of conduct, altruistic service

Question 35

Alan Filley, Robert House & Steven Kerr (1976): Professionals tend to have certain beliefs and values.

Answer 35

``` Need to be an expert in profession. Autonomy in work is important Identify with profession & colleagues Commitment to the work as a calling Feeling of ethical obligation Belief in self-regulation, standards ```

Question 36

Employee empowerment

Answer 36

Sharing information, resources, authority with employees. Derived from employee relations movement

Question 37

Gonger & Kanungo (1988) said that you can enable employees to act by

Answer 37

removing constraints that foster powerlessness

Question 38

Four cognitions that cause employees to experience empowerment (Thomas & Velthouse, 1990)

Answer 38

Impact Competence Meaningfulness-there is value attached Choice

Question 39

Spreitzer described psychological empowerment as a motivational construct evident in four cognitions

Answer 39

meaning competence self-determination impact Her analysis showed that psychological empowerment is related to employee effectiveness and innovativeness.

Question 40

Causes of psychological empowerment (Seibert, Wang and Courtright, 2011)

Answer 40

1. High performance management practices 2. Support from organization 3. Positive leadership 4. Work design characteristics

Question 41

Employee engagement

Answer 41

Measured by attitudes about job involvement, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and employee empowerment

Question 42

Examples of public sector employee engagement studies

Answer 42

Office of Personnel Management Merit System Protection Board p 324

Question 43

William Kahn (1990) described personal engagement as

Answer 43

harnessing oneself to work physically, emotionally, cognitively in a task.