Ch. 10 Vocab

Question 1

a connective tissue partition that separates adjacent fasciculi in a skeletal muscle

Answer 1

perimysium

Question 2

a delicate network of connective tissue fibers that surrounds individual muscle cells

Answer 2

endomysium

Question 3

a collagenous band that connects a skeletal muscle to an element of the skeleton

Answer 3

tendon

Question 4

a broad tendinous sheet that may serve as the origin or insertion of a skeletal muscle

Answer 4

aponeurosis

Question 5

the plasma membrane of a muscle cell

Answer 5

sarcolemma

Question 6

the cytoplasm of a muscle cell

Answer 6

sarcoplasm

Question 7

the transverse, tubular extensions of the sarcolemma that extend deep into the sarcoplasm, contacting cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

transverse T tubules

Question 8

a dense layer of collagen fibers that surrounds a skeletal muscle and is continuous with the tendons/aponeuroses of the muscle and with the perimysium

Answer 8

epimysium

Question 9

the smallest contractile unit of a striated muscle cell

Answer 9

sarcomere

Question 10

a cytoskeletal filament in a skeletal or cardiac muscle cell; consists of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

Answer 10

thin filament

Question 11

a cytoskeletal filament in a skeletal or cardiac muscle cell; composed of myosin, with a core of titin

Answer 11

thick filament

Question 12

a myosin-head that projects from the surface of a thick filament and that can bind to an active site of a thin filament in the presence of calcium ions

Answer 12

cross-bridges

Question 13

a synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell

Answer 13

neuromuscular junction

Question 14

a propagated change in the transmembrane potential of excitable cells, initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions

Answer 14

action potential

Question 15

a chemical neurotransmitter in the brain and peripheral nervous system; the dominant neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system, released at neuromuscular junctions and synapses of the parasympathetic division

Answer 15

acetylcholine

Question 16

a single stimulus-contraction-relaxation cycle in a skeletal muscle

Answer 16

twitch

Question 17

a high-energy compound in muscle cells; during muscle activity, the phosphate group is donated to ADP, regenerating ATP

Answer 17

creatine phosphate

Question 18

the complete breakdown of organic substrates into carbon dioxide and water, via pyruvic acid; a process that yields large amounts of ATP but requires mitochondria and oxygen

Answer 18

aerobic metabolism

Question 19

the anaerobic cytoplasmic breakdown of glucose into lactic acid by way of pyruvic acid, with a net gain of two ATP molecules

Answer 19

anaerobic process/glycolysis

Question 20

a compound produced from pyruvic acid under anaerobic conditions

Answer 20

lactic acid

Question 21

regions where adjacent cardiocytes interlock and where gap junctions permit electrical coupling between the cells

Answer 21

intercalated discs

Question 22

muscle tissue in the walls of many visceral organs; characterized as nonstriated, involuntary muscle

Answer 22

smooth muscle tissue

Question 23

cardiocytes; cells that function in the repair of damaged muscle tissue

Answer 23

cardiac muscle cell

Question 24

tension rises and the skeletal muscle’s length changes

Answer 24

isotonic contractions

Question 25

the muscle as a whole doesn't change length and the tension produced never exceeds the load

Answer 25

isometric contractions

Question 26

occurs when a higher stimulation frequency eliminates the relaxation phase

Answer 26

complete tetanus

Question 27

a small bundle; usually refers to a collection of nerve axons or muscle fibers

Answer 27

fascicle

Question 28

embryonic stem cells that function in the repair of damaged muscle tissue

Answer 28

myosatellite cells

Question 29

organized collections of myofilaments in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

Answer 29

myofibrils

Question 30

a narrow space that separates the synaptic terminal of the neuron from the opposing sarcolemmal surface

Answer 30

synaptic cleft

Question 31

the staircase phenomenon where a skeletal muscle when stimulated a second time immediately after the relaxation phase has ended, will result in a contraction with a slightly higher maximum tension than did the contraction after the first stimulus

Answer 31

treppe

Question 32

the time it takes for the conditions in muscle fibers to return to normal, preexertion levels

Answer 32

recovery period

Question 33

the amount of oxygen required to restore normal, preexertion conditions

Answer 33

oxygen debt

Question 34

tissue in which cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus; circulates blood and maintains blood pressure; located in the heart

Answer 34

cardiac muscle tissue