Ch. 18 Vocab

Question 1

a condition caused by hypothyroidism at birth or in infancy; marked by inadequate skeletal and nervous system development and a metabolic rate as much as 40% below normal levels

Answer 1

cretinism

Question 2

a condition caused by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids; characterized by the excessive breakdown and relocation of lipid reserves and proteins

Answer 2

Cushing disease

Question 3

a disorder that develops when the neurohypophysis no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH, or when the kidneys can’t respond to ADH

Answer 3

diabetes insipidus

Question 4

the presence of glucose in the urine

Answer 4

glycosuria

Question 5

an abnormal enlargement if the thyroid gland

Answer 5

goiter

Question 6

abnormally high blood glucose levels

Answer 6

hyperglycemia

Question 7

muscle spasms affecting the face and upper extremities; caused by low Ca2+ concentrations in body fluids

Answer 7

hypocalcemic tetany

Question 8

condition resulting from severe hyposecretion of thyroid hormones; characterized by subcutaneous swelling, hair loss, dry skin, low body temperature, muscle weakness, and slowed reflexes

Answer 8

myxedema

Question 9

the production of excessive amounts of urine; a sign of diabetes

Answer 9

polyuria

Question 10

a condition characterized by depression, lethargy, an inability to concentrate, and altered sleep and eating habits; linked to elevated melatonin levels in individuals exposed to only short periods of daylight

Answer 10

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Question 11

pituitary gland

Answer 11

hypophysis

Question 12

specific cells that possess the receptors needed to bind and “read” the hormonal message when it arrives

Answer 12

target cells

Question 13

hormones that bind to receptors in the plasma membrane; can’t have a direct effect on the activities inside the target cell; leads to the appearance of a second messenger

Answer 13

first messenger

Question 14

may act as an enzyme activator, inhibitor, or cofactor; regardless, the result is a change in the rates of various metabolic reactions

Answer 14

second messenger

Question 15

a process in which the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of hormone receptors; cells are less sensitive to higher hormone levels

Answer 15

down-regulation

Question 16

a process in which the absence of a hormone triggers an increase in the number of hormone receptors; cells are more sensitive when hormone levels are low

Answer 16

up-regulation

Question 17

slender, funnel-shaped structure connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Answer 17

infundibulum

Question 18

stimulates the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at the adenohypophysis

Answer 18

releasing hormone

Question 19

prevents the synthesis and secretion of hormones from the adenohypophysis

Answer 19

inhibiting hormone

Question 20

this effect results from an increased metabolic rate of cells, increased energy consumption of cells, and increased heat generation

Answer 20

calorigenic effect

Question 21

an adrenal gland

Answer 21

suprarenal

Question 22

a type of diabetes mellitus in which insulin levels are normal or elevated, but peripheral tissues no longer respond normally

Answer 22

type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 23

a type of diabetes mellitus primarily caused by inadequate insulin production by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets

Answer 23

type 1 diabetes mellitus

Question 24

the pattern of hormonal and physiological adjustments with which the body responds to all forms of stress

Answer 24

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Question 25

when two hormones have additive effects so that the net result is greater than the effect that each would produce acting alone

Answer 25

synergistic effect

Question 26

occurs when the first hormone is needed for the second to produce its effect

Answer 26

permissive effect

Question 27

occurs when hormones produce different but complementary results in specific tissues and organs

Answer 27

integrative effect

Question 28

energy reserves are mobilized, mainly in the form of glucose, and the body prepares to deal with the stress-causing factor by "fight or flight" responses

Answer 28

alarm phase

Question 29

occurs when stress lasts longer than a few hours; dominated by glucocorticoids; lipid and protein reserves are mobilized, glucose is conserved for neural tissues, blood glucose concentrations are elevated and stabilized, salts and water are conserved while potassium and hydrogen are lost

Answer 29

resistance phase

Question 30

the eventual breakdown of homeostatic regulation and failure of one or more organ systems

Answer 30

exhaustive phase

Question 31

a condition caused by the hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids; characterized by an inability to mobilize energy reserves and maintain normal blood glucose levels

Answer 31

Addison disease