Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Ch 11 > Flashcards

Ch 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine Glands

A
  • secrete hormones into blood
  • hormones carried to target cells, help regulate body metabolism, growth, and reproduction
  • -> many organs secrete hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neurohormones

A

secreted by specialized cells of hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the chemical classifications of hormones?

A

amines
polypeptides/proteins
glycoproteins
steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Amines

A

*hormones
derived from tyrosine and tryptophan
–>ex. hormones from adrenal medulla, thyroid, and pineal glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Polypeptides and Proteins

A
  • hormones

- ->ex. antidiuretic hormone, insulin, and growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Glycoproteins

A

*hormones
long polypeptides bound to a carbohydrate
–>ex. follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Steroids

A

*hormones
lipids derived from cholesterol
-secreted by adrenal cortex and gonads
–>ex. testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Synergistic Effects

A

Occur when two or more hormones work together to produce a particular effect

  • may be additive (ex. epinephrine and norepinephrine each affect part in same way_
  • may be complementary: when each hormone contributes a different piece of an overall outcome (ex. producing milk requires estrogen, prolactin, and oxytocin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Permissive Effects

A

Occur when one hormone makes the target cell more responsive to a second hormone

  • ->exposure to estrogen makes the uterus more responsive to progesterone
  • ->increase secretion of PTH makes the intestines more responsive to Vit D3 in calcium absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Antagonistic Effects

A

Occur when hormones work in OPPOSITE directions

  • insuilin and glucagon both affect adipose tissue
  • ->insulin stimulates fat storage
  • ->glucagon stimulates fat breakdown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hormone Action

A

Hormones bind to receptors on or in target cells

  • binding is highly specific
  • hormones bind to receptors with high affinity
  • hormones bind to receptors with low capacity, saturating the receptors with hormone molecules
  • Lipophilic hormone receptors are int he cytoplasm or nucleus
  • water soluble hormone receptors are not he outer surface of the plasma membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nuclear Receptors

A

Lipophilic steroid hormones and thyroid hormone:

  1. travel to target cells attached to carrier proteins
  2. at target cell, dissociate from carrier protein and diffuse across plasma membrane
    - ->receptors are found within the nucleus and are called nuclear hormone receptors because they activate genetic transcription
  • hormone receptors = transcription factors
  • activated by bind of the hormone
  • effect of these hormones therefore to produce new proteins, usually enzymes that change metabolism inside the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hormones: 2nd Messengers

A
  • hormones that can NOT cross the plasma membrane bind to receptors on cell surface
  • activate an intracellular mediator called 2nd messenger
  • three major 2nd messenger mechanisms
    1. Adenylate Cyclase (activates a protein kinase)
    2. Phospholipase C (controls intracellular Ca)
    3. Tyrosine kinases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • attached to hypothalamus by infundibulum

- divided into anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

glandular epithelium with two parts - pars distills and pars tuberalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

nervous tissue and also called pars nervosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Trophic hormones stimulate hormone secretion other glands:

  • growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH): in the male, it is interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

*in most tissues

promotes protein synthesis and growth

19
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

*in thyroid gland

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

20
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

A

*in adrenal cortex

stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids

21
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

*in gonads

promotes gamete production and stimulates estrogen production in females

22
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

*in mammary glands

promotes milk production in lactating females

23
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

*in gonads

stimulates sex hormone secretion, ovulation and corpus lute formation in female and testosterone secretion in males

24
Q

Feedback Control of Anterior Pituitary

A
  • final product regulates secretion of pituitary hormones (neg feedback inhibition)
  • axis
  • inhibition can occur at pituitary gland level: inhibiting response to hypothalamic hormones
  • inhibition can occur at the hypothalamus level: inhibition secretion of releasing hormones
25
Q

Axis

A

relationship between hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and the target tissue

26
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A

stores and releases two hormones mad win the hypothalamus

  1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  2. Oxytocin
27
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

*posterior pituitary hormone

promotes retention of water in kidneys (also called arginine vasopressin, AVP)

28
Q

Oxytocin

A

*posterior pituitary hormone

stimulates contractions in childbirth and milk let-down in lactation

29
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • found atop the kidneys

- consist of an outer adrenal cortex + inner adrenal medulla that function as separate glands

30
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

neural tissue and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic neural stimulation

31
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

glandular epithelium and secretes steroid hormones in response to ACTH

  • three layers
  • secretes hormones made from cholesterol, called corticosteroids or corticoids
  • three categories
32
Q

Three layers of adrenal cortex

A
  1. zona glomerulosa
  2. zona fasciculata
  3. zona reticularis
33
Q

What are the three categories of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids: from the zone glomerulosa regulate Na+ and K+ balance.
    - ->Ex. aldosterone
  2. Glucocorticoids: from the zone fasciculate regulate glucose metabolism.
    - ->Ex. cortisol
  3. Adrenal androgens: from the zone reticular are weak sex hormones that supplement those made in the gonads.
34
Q

Cortisol (Hydrocortisone)

A
  • stimulates protein degradation
  • stimulates gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose utilization to raise blood glucose levels
  • stimulates liplysis
35
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • located just below larynx

- has two lobes on either side of trachea, connected by isthmus

36
Q

Thyroid Gland Structure

A
  • thyroid follicles: hollow spaces, lines w/simple cuboidal epithelium composed of follicular cells that produce thyroglobulin
  • interior of follicles is filled w/fluid called colloid
  • outside of the follicles are parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin
37
Q

Production of Thyroid Hormone

A

-thyroglobulin is made by follicular cells
-thyroid follicles actively accumulate iodide and secrete into the colloid
• The iodine is attached to tyrosines within the thyroglobulin molecule.
• One iodine produces monoiodotyrosine (MIT).
• Two iodines produce diiodotyrosine (DIT).
• Enzymes within the colloid attach MIT and DIT together:
• DIT + DIT = T4 (tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine)
• DIT + MIT = T3 (triiodothyronine)
• These are still bound to thyroglobulin.
• They dissociate from thyroglobulin when the thyroid gland is
stimulated by TSH.
• Secreted into the blood

38
Q

Thyroid Hormone

A
  • T3 = active form, T4 can be converted to T23 by iodinates in cells
  • stimulates protein synthesis
  • promotes maturation of nervous system
  • increases rates of cellular respiration
  • elevates BMR
39
Q

Hypothyroid

A 
impaired growth
lethargy
dry skin
slow pulse
constipation
depression
etc
40
Q

Hyperthyroid

A 
accelerated growth
increased activity
excessive perspiration
freq bowel movements 
rapid reflexes
nervousness
etc
41
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A
  • generally four glands embedded in back of thyroid gland
  • secrete PTH
  • hormone promotes a rise in blood Ca b acting on bones, kidneys, and intestine
42
Q

Pancreas

A

both an endocrine and exocrine gland

  • endocrine cells are located in pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans)
    1. alpha cells: glucagon
    2. beta cells: insulin
43
Q

Insulin

A
  • primary hormone regulation plasma glucose concentration
  • secreted by beta cells when blood glucose levels rise after sugary/carbohydrate meal
  • purpose to lower blood glucose to normal range
  • binds to receptors on target cells
  • indirectly stimulates the enzyme glycogen synthase in liver and skeletal muscles to promote sugar storage
  • stimulates adipose tissue to store fat
44
Q

Glucagon

A
  • antagonistic to insulin
  • secreted by alpha cells when blood glucose levels are low
  • purpose is to raise blood glucose levels to normal range
  • stimulates liver to hydrolyze glucagon into glucose (glycogenolysis) and release it into the blood
  • stimulates gluconeogenesis: conversation of noncarbohydrate into glucose
  • stimulates lipolysis: in adipose tissue so fat is released and used as fuel source instead of glucose

Physiology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions