Ch 2

Question 1

Protons

Answer 1

determine the element (atomic number)

Question 2

Neutrons

Answer 2

determine the isotope

Question 3

Protons + neutrons in nucleus = _______

Answer 3

atomic mass

Question 4

Electrons

Answer 4

• form covalent bonds
• gained or lost create ions
• capture and store energy
• create free radicals

Question 5

Free Radicals

Answer 5

(unpaired electrons): want to bind to something, can attack proteins etc

Question 6

Molecules

Answer 6

2 or more atoms sharing electrons

Question 7

Covalent Bonds

Answer 7

• Share a pair of electrons in outer shell; require LOTS of energy to break
• Single, double, and triple bonds (more bonds = stronger)
• Polar (positive and negative end, water soluble, charge unevenly distributed) VS nonpolar (no region of charge, not water soluble) molecules

Question 8

Ionic Bonds

Answer 8

• Atoms gain or lose electrons

- Opposite charges attract

Question 9

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 9

• Weak and partial

- Water surface tension

Question 10

Van der Waals forces

Answer 10

Weak and nonspecific

Question 11

Aqueous

Answer 11

water based

Question 12

Solution

Answer 12

solute dissolved in solvent (ex. sweet tea: solute (sugar) + solvent (tea))

Question 13

Solubility

Answer 13

ease of dissolving (how readily we can dissolve the solute into the solvent)

Question 14

Hydrophilic

Answer 14

likes to dissolve in water, high solubility

Question 15

Hydrophobic

Answer 15

doesn’t like to dissolve in water, low solubility (ex. oil in water)

Question 16

pH

Answer 16

Measure of the concentration of free H+

-very narrow window in which we need to function properly

Question 17

Acid

Answer 17

Contributes to H+ solution –> can add H to the solution, lower pH

Question 18

Buffer

Answer 18

moderates changes in pH

ex. in blood plasma, pH is stabilized by bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Question 19

Carbohydrates

Answer 19

• Most abundant biomolecule; carbon + water
• (CH2O)n or CnH2nOn
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides

Question 20

Polysaccharides

Answer 20

important because they give structural components, big players in cellular recognition *FUEL SOURCE

Question 21

Lipids

Answer 21

• Carbon and Hydrogen (NO water)
• Backbone of glycerol and 1-3 fatty acids
• Nonpolar (charge is equally distributed across chain, not easily solulize in water)
• Fats (animal, solid at room temperature)
• Oil (plant, liquid at room temperature)
• Saturation refers to double bonds

Question 22

Saturated VS Unsaturated Fats

Answer 22

Saturated: no double-bonds, equally bound between C and H, NO more room for H
Unsaturated: had room to bind more H, double-bonds between C

Question 23

Triglycerides

Answer 23

• glycerol backbone
• lose water and attach to fatty acids
• three open spots to conjugate w/fatty acids

Question 24

Lipid-Related Molecules

Answer 24

• not just fat, have other purposes
• don’t worry about structure, important for regulating cell function/signaling processes
  1. Eicosanoids
  2. Steroids
  3. Phospholipids

Question 25

Phospholipids

Answer 25

non-polar fatty acids —> now part of larger polar molecule

Question 26

Proteins (Amino Acids)

Answer 26

• Enzymes
• Membrane transporters
• Signal molecules
• Receptors
• Binding proteins
• Immunoglobulins
• Regulatory proteins

Question 27

Peptide Bond

Answer 27

• hydroxyl end
• carboxyl end
• R: where proteins vary

Question 28

Protein Structure

Answer 28

1. primary structure
2. secondary structures (helix or pleated sheet)
3. tertiary structure (folding back on itself to make intricate shapes)
4. quaternary structure (two different peptide chains come together to make a structure)
   - -> complex structure = complex function

Question 29

What types of bonds do proteins use?

Answer 29

ALL

• ionic
• hydrogen
• covalent
• van der waals forces

Question 30

Nucleic Acids

Answer 30

= Genetic Code

• conserve structure
• important for genetic code (DNA: chain of nucleic acids)
• -> DNA = linking all together, “polysaccharide form of nucleic acid”
• important for cellular energy (ATP: energy= cleaning off one bond off of ATP)

Question 31

DNA vs. RNA

Answer 31

DNA: deoxyribose/thymine
RNA: ribose/uracil

Question 32

Alpha-helix structure

Answer 32

sugar phosphate backbone complementary base pairing sugar phosphate backbone
*hydrogen bonds