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Physiology > Ch 8 > Flashcards

Ch 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

spinal cord an brain

  • receives input from sensory neurons –> motor neurons that innervate muscles/glands
  • association neurons: integrate sensory info and help direct responses to maintain homeostasis/respond to the environment
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2
Q

Gray Matter

A
  • unmyelinated nerve cell bodies (clusters = nuclei)
  • dendrites
  • axon terminals
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3
Q

White Matter

A
  • myelinated axons
  • -> tracts
  • contains very few cell bodies
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4
Q

What are clusters of cell bodies in CNS called?

A

nuclei

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5
Q

What are tracts?

A

axon bundles connecting CNS regions

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6
Q

Brain

A
  • gray matter forms the cortex + deep nuclei
  • white matter is deep forming tracts
  • adult brain: 100 billion neurons
  • receives 15% of total body blood flow
  • -> cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain
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7
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A

consists of simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium in close association w/blood capillaries

  • projects into the roofs of the ventricles (where fluid is)
  • secrete CSF into ventricles and central canal of the cord
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8
Q

CSF

A

secreted from choroid plexuses

  • ->made from blood and returned to blood
  • not part of circulation
  • composition is different than blood
  • turned over rapidly
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9
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • largest portion of the brain (80% of mass)
  • responsible for higher mental functions
  • consists of right/left cerebral hemisphere –> connected by corpus callosum
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10
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • outer region: composed of gray matter w/underlying white matter
  • gyri + sulci = convolutions
  • each hemisphere is divided into 5 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula)
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11
Q

Frontal/Parietal Lobes

A

-separated by central sulcus

  1. pre central gyrus:
    - on frontal lobe
    - motor control
    - neurons called upper motor neurons
  2. post central gyrus:
    - on parietal lobe
    - somatesthetic sensation (where we are in space)
    - ->called somatosensory cortex
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12
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

auditory centers

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13
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

vision and coordination of eye movements

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14
Q

Insula

A

encoding of memory and integration of sensory info w/visceral responses
-receives olfactory, gustatory, auditory, and pain info

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15
Q

Cerebral Lateralization

A
  • each side of pre central gyrus controls movements on the contralateral (opposite) side of body
  • somatesthetic sensation from each side of body projects to contralateral sides of post central gyrus
  • communcaiton between the sides occurs through the corpus callous
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16
Q

Corpus Callosum: right hemisphere

A

controls visuospatial tasks, recognizing faces, composing music

17
Q

Corpus Callosum: left hemisphere

A

controls language, speech, writing, calculations

18
Q

Limbic System

A

-group of brain regions responsible for emotional drives

19
Q

What are the areas of cerebrum?

A 
cingulate gyrus
amygdala
hippocampus
septal nuclei
anterior insula
--> hypothalamus and thalamus (in the diencephalon) are part of the system
20
Q

What emotions are controlled by the limbic system?

A

Aggression: areas of amygdala and hypothalamus

Fear: amygdala and hypothalamus

Hunger/satiety: hypothalamus

Sex Drive: whole system

Goal-directed behaviors: hypothalamus and other regions

21
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • part of forebrain
  • includes: epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, part of pituitary gland, and third ventricle
  • surrounded by cerebral hemispheres
  • regulates glands/hormones
22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

*important for maintaining homeostasis and regulated autonomic system

23
Q

Hypothalamus contains centers for…

A

LOTS of functions

  • hunger/satiety and thirst
  • regulation of body temp, sleep, and wakefulness
  • sexual arousal and performance
  • emotions of fear, anger, pain, and pleasure
  • control of endocrine system
  • controls hormone secretion from the pituitary gland
24
Q

Regulation of Pituitary Gland

A
  1. ADH: regulated urine concentration
  2. Oxytocin: important in reproduction
    - -> transported along hypothalami-hypophyseal tract to posterior pituitary gland (extension of neural tissue), where stored until needed
    - hypothalamus produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones that are transported to the anterior pituitary via circulation to regulate secretion of pituitary hormones
25
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • composed of mesencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
  • -> ons houses sensory/motor tracts heading from/to the spinal cord and respiratory centers
26
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • 2nd largest brain structure: gray matter outside, white matter inside
  • receives input from proprioceptors which sense joint angle, muscle length, and tension
  • works w/basal nuclei and motor cortex to coordinate movement
  • needed for motor learning and proper timing and force required to move limbs in specific task
27
Q

Myelencephalon

A
  • made up of the medulla oblongata
  • all ascending/descending tracts between brain and spinal cord pass through medulla
  • contains nuclei required for regulation of breathing and CV response = vital centers
    1. Vasomotor control: controls blood vessel diameter
    2. Cardiac control center: controls HR
    3. Respiratory center: works w/areas in the pons to control breathing
28
Q

Spinal Cord

A

-composed of white matter surrounding a gray matter core

  • gray matter is arranged with left/right dorsal horn and left/right ventral horn
  • -> dorsal root carries sensory info, ventral root is where motor info is exiting to muscles/glands

-white matter composed of ascending/descending fiber tracts

29
Q

Ascending Tracts

A

convey sensory info from receptors in skin, muscles, joins, and organs
-crossover of tracts (decussation) may occur in spinal cord or in medulla = contralateral

30
Q

Descending Tracts

A

Two groups

  1. Corticospinal/Pyramidal: descend directly w/o synaptic interruption from cerebral cortex to the spinal cord (no synapse)
  2. Extrapyramidal tracts: originate in ain stem and are controlled by motor circuits of the corpus striatum, substantial nigra, and thalamus
31
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • part of PNS
  • nerves that arise directly from nuclei in brain
  • 12 pairs
  • most are mixed nerves
  • -> associated with vision, olfaction, and hearing are sensory only and have their cell bodies in ganglia located near the sensory organ

Physiology (29 decks)

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