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Basic Human Pathology > Ch 11: Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Ch 11: Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three cellular components of blood vessels

A

smooth muscle cells
extracellular matrix
endothelial cells

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2
Q

what is capacitance

A

measure of the blood vessel’s ability to increase the volume of blood it holds without a large increase in blood pressure

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3
Q

which vessels, arteries or veins, have high capacitance and why

A

veins because they can hold a large volume of blood under low pressures

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4
Q

what is the structure of a capillary

A

single-cell lining of endothelial cells atop a basement membrane

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5
Q

what are some features of the intima layer of a vessel

A

innermost layer made of one sheet of endothelial cells on a basement membrane

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6
Q

what separates the intima and media vessel wall layers

A

internal elastic lamina - dense elastic membrane

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7
Q

what are some features of the media layer of a vessel

A

made mostly of smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, and loose connective tissue
contains nerve fibers and smaller vessels of adventia

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8
Q

what are some features of the adventitial layer of a blood vessel

A

made of simple squamous epithelium, basement membrane, connective tissue, blood vessels, and sometimes smooth muscle cells

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9
Q

what is the vasa vasorum

A

small vessels that supply the walls of large vessels that are susceptible to external mechanical compression

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10
Q

diseases of the vasa vasorum has been seen to affect the development of which disease

A

diabetic neuropathy

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11
Q

what are some features of large elastic arteries

A

include aorta, arch vessels, iliac, and pulmonary arteries
have lots of elastic fibers with some smooth muscle cells
allow the wall to stretch and recoil to propel blood
elasticity is lost as we age or get diseases

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12
Q

what are some features of medium sized vessels

A

include coronary and renal arteries
lots of smooth muscle cells which allow for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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13
Q

what portion of the neurologic system controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

autonomic nervous system

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14
Q

endothelial cells of the vessels release what to cause vasodilation

A

nitric oxide

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15
Q

endothelial cells of the vessels release what to cause vasoconstriction

A

endothelin

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16
Q

what are some features of small sized vessels

A

found mostly in connective tissue of organs
main role is to regulate blood flow resistance

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17
Q

measure of the blood vessel’s ability to increase the volume of blood it holds without a large increase in blood pressure

A

what is capacitance

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18
Q

innermost layer made of one sheet of endothelial cells on a basement membrane

A

what are some features of the intima layer of a vessel

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19
Q

made mostly of smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, and loose connective tissue
contains nerve fibers and smaller vessels of adventia

A

what are some features of the media layer of a vessel

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20
Q

made of simple squamous epithelium, basement membrane, connective tissue, blood vessels, and sometimes smooth muscle cells

A

what are some features of the adventitial layer of a blood vessel

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21
Q

include aorta, arch vessels, iliac, and pulmonary arteries
have lots of elastic fibers with some smooth muscle cells
allow the wall to stretch and recoil to propel blood
elasticity is lost as we age or get diseases

A

what are some features of large elastic arteries

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22
Q

include coronary and renal arteries
lots of smooth muscle cells which allow for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

what are some features of medium sized vessels

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23
Q

found mostly in connective tissue of organs
main role is to regulate blood flow resistance

A

what are some features of small sized vessels

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24
Q

what are some features of capillaries

A

thin walled vessels lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by pericytes
allow for rapid exchange of diffusible substances between blood and tissue

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25
Q

what are pericytes

A

smooth muscle cells found in capillaries

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26
Q

what are some features of veins

A

large lumen diameter with thinner walls
receive blood from post capillary venules

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27
Q

what is the width of the vena cava

A

30 mm (3cm)

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28
Q

what is the width of a venule

A

less than 100-120 micro meters

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29
Q

in which type of arteries does atherosclerosis primarily occur

A

larger, muscular arteries

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30
Q

which vessels are most affected by hypertension

A

small arterioles

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31
Q

how many liters of fluid are returned back to the circulation by veins

A

17 liters

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32
Q

the lymphatic system collects how many liters of excess fluid (now called lymph)

A

3 liters

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33
Q

what are the 6 components of lymph

A

water
electrolytes
glucose
fat
proteins
inflammatory cells

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34
Q

what are three of the roles of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system

A

monitor and cleanse lymph
produce and store lymphocytes
antigen presentation and cell activation

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35
Q

which range of patients have coronary artery variants

A

1-5%

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36
Q

what are berry aneurysms

A

saccular out pouches in cerebral vessels
mostly found in the circle of Willis
can spontaneously rupture and cause intracerebral hemorrhage

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37
Q

what type of aneurysm makes up 90% of all brain aneurysms

A

berry aneurysms

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38
Q

what are the two most common sites for berry aneurysms (with percentages) within the circle of willis

A

anterior communicating artery (40%)
middle cerebral artery (20%)

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39
Q

what is an arteriovenous fistula (AVF)

A

abnormal connection between arteries and veins - no capillary bed
can be surgically created to increase blood flow to dialysis patients
can cause cardiac failure by shunting large volumes of blood from the arterial to venous circulation
can affect blood flow based on where they are

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40
Q

what is the most common cause of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF)

A

developmental defects

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41
Q

what is an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

A

complex of tangled web of afferent arteries and draining veins with abnormal dysplastic capillary beds
(blood skips capillary beds and just goes from arteriole to venule)

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42
Q

what is fibromuscular dysplasia
-which arteries does it mostly affect

A

focal, irregular thickening of the walls of medium and large sized muscular arteries due to a combination of intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis
seen mostly in renal and carotid arteries
can cause luminal stenosis or vascular spasm that reduced flow
appears as a string of beads

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43
Q

which condition presents as a string of beads

A

fibromuscular dysplasia

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44
Q

who does fibromuscular dysplasia mostly affect

A

young women
1-5% of Americans

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45
Q

what is an anomalous coronary artery

A

when both coronary arteries arise over the same coronary cusp of the aortic valve
can be compressed during exercise which can lead to sudden death

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46
Q

what happens to endothelial cells in an activated state

A

activation is caused by injury or exposure to mediators
cells to develop adhesive, procoagulant surfaces making them sticky
they release factors that lead to smooth muscle contraction and proliferation

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47
Q

what are some features of endothelial cells in a basal state

A

normal blood pressure
laminar flow
stable growth factor which promotes a non-thrombotic or adhesive surface

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48
Q

what are three things that a dysfunctional endothelium can lead to

A

can initiate thrombosis
promote atherosclerosis
contribute to the formation of vascular lesions

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49
Q

what 5 factors regulate the movement and proliferation of smooth muscle cells

A

platelet derived growth factor
endothelin
thrombin
fibroblast growth factors
inflammatory mediators

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50
Q

how is cardiac output calculated

A

stroke volume X heart rate

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51
Q

what is stroke volume

A

volume of blood in milliliters ejected from each ventricle during each contraction

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52
Q

how is stroke volume calculated

A

EDV-ESV

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53
Q

what is the most important determinant of stroke volume

A

filling pressure

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54
Q

each beat ejects what percentage of blood out of the ventricle

A

60%

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55
Q

what is peripheral resistance

A

circulatory system resistance that impacts blood pressure and flow of blood

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56
Q

what are three types of vasoconstrictors

A

angiotensin 2
catecholamines
endothelin

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57
Q

what are three types of vasodilators

A

kinins
prostaglandins
N0 (nitric oxide)

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58
Q

how is blood pressure calculated

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

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59
Q

how do the kidneys influence vascular tone and blood volume

A

filter 170 liters of plasma that has lots of salt

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60
Q

what percentage of filtered sodium is reabsorbed

A

98%

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61
Q

how does the liver influence vascular tone and blood volume

A

releases angiotensinogen which will lead to increase of blood pressure and vascular tone

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62
Q

thin walled vessels lined by endometrial cells and surrounded by pericytes
allow for rapid exchange of diffusible substances between blood and tissue

A

what are some features of capillaries

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63
Q

smooth muscle cells found in capillaries

A

what are pericytes

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64
Q

large lumen diameter with thinner walls
receive blood from post capillary venules

A

what are some features of veins

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65
Q

saccular out pouches in cerebral vessels
mostly found in the circle of Willis
can spontaneously rupture and cause intracerebral hemorrhage

A

what are berry aneurysms

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1
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2
3
4
5
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66
Q

abnormal connection between arteries and veins - no capillary bed
can be surgically created to increase blood blow to dialysis patients
can cause cardiac failure by shunting large volumes of blood from the arterial to venous circulation
can affect blood flow based on where they are

A

what is an arteriovenous fistula (AVF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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67
Q

complex of tangled web of afferent arteries and draining veins with abnormal dysplastic capillary beds
(blood skips capillary beds and just goes from arteriole to venule)

A

what is an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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68
Q

focal, irregular thickening of the walls of medium and large sized muscular arteries due to a combination of intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis
seen mostly in renal and carotid arteries
can cause luminal stenosis or vascular spasm that reduced flow
appears as a string of beads

A

what is fibromuscular dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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69
Q

when both coronary arteries arise over the same coronary cusp of the aortic valve
can be compressed during exercise which can lead to sudden death

A

what is an anomalous coronary artery

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70
Q

stroke volume X heart rate

A

how is cardiac output calculated

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71
Q

volume of blood in milliliters ejected from each ventricle during each contraction

A

what is stroke volume

72
Q

EDV-ESV

A

how is stroke volume calculated

73
Q

circulatory system resistance that impacts blood pressure and flow of blood

A

what is peripheral resistance

74
Q

cardiac output X peripheral resistance

A

how is blood pressure calculated

75
Q

how do the adrenal glands influence vascular tone and blood volume

A

produce aldosterone in response to angiotensin 2
increases blood pressure
aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water

76
Q

how does the myocardium of the heart influence vascular tone and blood volume

A

produces ANP
ANP causes vasodilation and excretion of water and sodium therefore leading to a lower blood pressure

77
Q

what percentage of the population are hypertensive

A

25%

78
Q

what blood pressure reading is considered hypertension

A

140/90 mmHg

79
Q

which demographic has a higher instance of hypertension

A

African Americans - 2 in 5 have it

80
Q

what are the four mechanisms of essential (primary) hypertension

A

reduced renal sodium excretion
increased vascular resistance
genetic factors
environmental factors

81
Q

what is malignant hypertension and what is it usally caused by

A

severe hypertension (200/120mmHg)
usually caused by renal failure

82
Q

how does cocaine cause hypertension

A

increases levels of dopamine which causes increased peripheral vasoconstriction leading to hypertension

83
Q

what are the two main categories of arteriosclerosis

A

arteriolosclerosis and atherosclerosis

84
Q

severe hypertension (200/120mmHg)
usually caused by renal failure

A

what is malignant hypertension

85
Q

what is arteriolosclerosis

A

plaque build up in the small arteries and arterioles
two types: hyaline and hyperplastic

86
Q

what is monckeberg medial sclerosis

A

calcium deposits within the muscular layer of the vessel
typically affects those over 50
do not cause major issues because buildup isn’t within the lumen

87
Q

what is fibromuscular intimal hyperplasia

A

thickening of vessel walls in muscular arteries due to an inflammatory response or mechanical injury
healing can cause stenosis

88
Q

what is hyaline arteriolosclerosis

A

causes benign hypertension
microscopic appearance is homogeneous, pink hyaline thickening of arteriolar walls, with loss of underlying structural detail and luminal narrowing

89
Q

what is arterionephrosclerosis

A

caused by hyaline arteriolosclerosis
arteriolar narrowing that causes diffuse vascular compromise and nephrosclerosis (glomerular scarring)

90
Q

what is hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

A

seen in cases of severe hypertension
vessel exhibit’s onion skin, concentration laminated thickening of arteriolar walls and luminal narrowing due to proliferation of smooth muscle cells

91
Q

which disease has the onion skin/striated appearance

A

hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

92
Q

what do calcium deposits look like microscopically

A

dark purple areas

93
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

most common type of arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries due to atheroma (plaque) which impinge on the lumen and can rupture or cause sudden occlusion

94
Q

what are four non modifiable (constitutional) risk factors of atherosclerosis

A

genetic abnormalities
family history
increasing age
male gender

95
Q

what are five modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis

A

hyperlipidemia
hypertension
cigarette smoking
diabetes
inflammation

96
Q

what is hyperlipidemia/hypercholesterolemia

A

excess lipids/cholesterol in the blood

97
Q

what does low-density lipoprotein (LDL) do

A

“bad” cholesterol
distributes cholesterol to peripheral tissues

98
Q

what does high-density lipoprotein (HDL) do

A

mobilizes cholesterol from plaques and transports it to the liver for biliary excretion

99
Q

what are statins

A

class of drugs used to lower circulating cholesterol levels by preventing your liver from making additional cholesterol

100
Q

plaque build up in the small arteries and arterioles
two types: hyaline and hyperplastic

A

what is arteriolosclerosis

101
Q

calcium deposits within the muscular layer of the vessel
typically affects those over 50
do not cause major issues because buildup isn’t within the lumen

A

what is monckeberg medial sclerosis

102
Q

thickening of vessel walls in muscular arteries due to an inflammatory response or mechanical injury
healing can cause stenosis

A

what is fibromuscular intimal hyperplasia

103
Q

caused by benign hypertension
microscopic appearance is homogeneous, pink hyaline membrane thickening of arteriolar walls, with loss of underlying structural detail and luminal narrowing

A

what is hyaline arteriolosclerosis

104
Q

caused by arteriolar narrowing seen in hyaline arteriolosclerosis
causes diffuse vascular compromise and nephrosclerosis (glomerular scarring)

A

what is arterionephrosclerosis

105
Q

caused by severe hypertension
vessel exhibit’s onion skin, concentrated laminated thickening of arteriolar walls, and luminal narrowing due to proliferation of the smooth muscle cells in the muscular layer
striations

A

what is hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

106
Q

hardening of the arteries with atheroma that impinge on the lumen and can rupture or cause sudden occlusion

A

what is atherosclerosis

107
Q

excess lipids/cholesterol in the blood

A

what is hyperlipidemia/hypercholesterolemia

108
Q

“bad” cholesterol
distributes cholesterol to peripheral tissues

A

what does low-density lipoprotein (LDL) do

109
Q

mobilizes cholesterol from plaques and transports it to the liver for biliary excretion

A

what does high-density lipoprotein (HDL) do

110
Q

class of drugs used to lower circulating cholesterol levels

A

what are statins

111
Q

how does having diabetes mellitus affect you

A

make your cholesterol levels rise and increase the risk for atherosclerosis
doubles your risk for an MI
increases your risk for strokes
100-fold increase in atherosclerosis induced gangrene of lower extremities

112
Q

what percentage of cardiovascular events occur in the absence of identifiable risk factors

A

20%

113
Q

what is clonal hematopoiesis

A

presence of major clone of cells in the bone marrow that have acquired somatic driver mutations in tumor suppressor genes
increases your risk for atherosclerosis

114
Q

what are the two most important causes of endothelial dysfunction

A

observed hemodynamic factors and hypercholesterolemia

115
Q

what are observe hemodynamic factors

A

when plaques form where there is turbulent flow (Ostia, branch points, and posterior wall of the abdominal aorta)
laminar flow leads to atheroprotective genes

116
Q

how are lipids normally transported in the bloodstream

A

bound to specific apoproteins that form lipoprotein complexes

117
Q

how does hypercholesterolemia affect endothelial dysfunction

A

increases local oxygen free radical production which damages endothelial cells

118
Q

how does inflammation lead to atherosclerosis

A

normal vessels do not promote inflammatory cell adhesion
when there is inflammation, dysfunctional endocervical cells express adhesion molecules that promote leukocyte adhesion of monocytes and T-cells to vessels

119
Q

what disease causes more morbidity and mortality (half of all deaths) in the western world

A

atherosclerosis

120
Q

what is the basic pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

A

chronic endothelial injury
monocyte adhesion
macrophages, leukocytes, and foam cells migrate
accumulation of lipoproteins in vessel wall
platelet adhesion
SMC proliferation
lipid accumulation
calcification of ECM

121
Q

what are fatty streaks

A

lipid aggregates in a developing atheroma

122
Q

what three things can an atherosclerotic plaque do

A

rupture
ulcerate
erode

123
Q

what are the four major consequences of atherosclerosis

A

MI
stroke
aortic aneurysm
peripheral vascular disease (gangrene)

124
Q

what percentage of stenosis is considered critical

A

70%

125
Q

what are the top 3 most severe areas to have atherosclerosis

A

infrarenal abdominal aorta
coronary arteries
popliteal arteries

126
Q

what are three places that don’t usually have atherosclerosis

A

vessels of upper extremities
mesenteric arteries
renal arteries

127
Q

what type of aneurysm is a pulsating one

A

false or pseudoaneurysm

128
Q

where are the two most common locations of aneurysms due to atherosclerosis

A

abdominal aorta and common iliac arteries

129
Q

what is the rate of rupture in aneurisms greater than 6 cm in size

A

25%

130
Q

what is the mortality rate for elective and emergency aneurysm surgery

A

elective: 5%
emergency: 50%

131
Q

what are four common risks for thoracic aneurysms

A

hypertension (most common)
bicuspid aortic valves
marfan syndrome
mutations in TGF-B signaling

132
Q

presence of major clone of cells in the bone marrow that have acquired somatic driver mutations in tumor suppressor genes
increases your risk for atherosclerosis

A

what is clonal hematopoiesis

133
Q

when plaques form where there is turbulent flow (Ostia, branch points, and posterior wall of the abdominal aorta)
laminar flow leads to atheroprotective genes

A

what are observe hemodynamic factors

134
Q

lipid aggregates in a developing atheroma

A

what are fatty streaks

135
Q

what is an aortic dissection

A

blood enters and separated the laminar planes of the media to form a blood filled channel

136
Q

who is most affected by an aortic dissection

A

90% are 40-60 yr old men with hypertension
rest are younger patients with CT abnormalities like marfans

137
Q

what are some causes of an aortic dissection

A

catheterizations and cardiopulmonary bypass (iatrogenic)
pregnancy (vascular remodeling)

138
Q

what are specific hypertensive related dissections

A

narrowing of vasa vasorum in aorta in hypertensive patients
can lead to intramural hemorrhage without intimal tear

139
Q

what is type A debakey/sanford classification of aortic dissections

A

dissection of either ascending aorta or both ascending and descending
65-85% survival rate if treated
70% mortality rage with hemorrhage

140
Q

what is a type B debakey/sanford classification

A

dissection of aorta distal to great vessels (descending aorta)
75% survival rate with treatment

141
Q

what is vasculitis and what is it caused by

A

inflammation of vessel wall
caused by immune-mediated inflammation or vascular invasion by a pathogen
can also be caused by physical and chemical injury

142
Q

what are the three main causes of immune complex associated vasculitis

A

autoimmune diseases (lupus and RA)
drug hypersensitivity (penicillin)
antigen-antibody immune complexes secondary to infections

143
Q

what is giant cell (temporal) arteritis

A

chronic inflammatory disorder with granulomatous inflammation that affects large, medium, and small sized arteries in the head
T-cell mediated

144
Q

what are the three common sites of giant cell arteritis

A

vertebral
ophthalmic
aorta

145
Q

what is Takayasu arteritis

A

granulomatous vasculitis of medium and large arteries
ocular disturbances and weakening of pulses in upper extremities

146
Q

what can temporal arteritis lead to

A

fragmented internal elastic membrane can lead to sudden permanent blindness

147
Q

what is the most important diagnosis element in temporal arteritis

A

biopsy of temporal artery

148
Q

how is takayasu aortitis diagnosed

A

aortic arch angiogram
cross section of carotid artery (shows thickening with white circles)
destruction and fibrosis of artery

149
Q

what is polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
-in which vessels is it mainly seen

A

vasculitis of small or medium muscular arteries
affects mostly young adults
affects renal and visceral vessels
1/3rd of patients have hepatitis B

150
Q

what is Kawasaki disease

A

acute, self limiting illness of childhood (80%) that affects large and medium vessels
symptoms include: coronary artery aneurysms, fever, rash, edema, conjunctivitis, mucositis, and swollen lymph nodes

151
Q

what is microscopic polyangiitis

A

necrotizing vasculitis that affect capillaries, arterioles, and venues
fibrinoid necrosis of media, no granulomatous inflammation

152
Q

what is granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener granulomatosis)

A

affects middle aged people - 80% mortality rate if untreated
characterized by caseating granulomas
necrotizing vasculitis caused by a triad of things

153
Q

what are the three things that make up the triad that characterizes Wegener granulomatosis

A

necrotizing granulomas of the upper respiratory tract
necrotizing or granulomatous vasculitis affecting small/medium vessels
focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis

154
Q

what is churg-strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis)

A

small vessel necrotizing vasculitis
seen as:
asthma
allergic rhinitis
lung infiltrates

155
Q

what is thromboangiitis obliterans (buerger disease)
-which vessels does it mostly affect

A

segmental, thrombosis, acute and chronic inflammation of the medium and small arteries (tibial and radial)
seen mostly in heavy smokers before the age of 35 and certain ethnic groups (Israeli, Indian, Japanese)

156
Q

what is infectious vasculitis

A

caused by bacterial or fungal infection that weakens arterial wall and becomes an aneurysm
can lead to sepsis or infective endocarditis embolus

157
Q

what is a mycotic aneurysm

A

common pathological finding in a infectious arteritis case
caused by an infection that weakens arterial wall and results in this aneurysm

158
Q

what is Raynaud phenomenon

A

vasoconstriction of arteries and arterioles, mostly occurring in the fingers and toes
extremities become pale and cyanotic
primary: cold or emotions
secondary: diseases such as SLE

159
Q

what is a myocardial vessel vasospasm (cardiac Raynaud)
-what does it cause

A

artery spasms leading to constriction of blood flow
can cause, angina, MI, ventricular arrhythmias, or sudden death
causes takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome)

160
Q

what is another name for broken heart syndrome

A

takotsubo cardiomyopathy

161
Q

what are varicose veins

A

dilated, tortuous veins caused by increased intraluminal pressures and weakened vessel wall support
mostly affects superficial veins
mostly affects women - 1/3
increased risk in those with obesity and who are pregnant

162
Q

what are esophageal varices

A

varicose veins of the esophagus
caused by liver cirrhosis, portal vein obstruction, or hepatic vein thrombosis, all leading to portal vein hypertension

163
Q

what does portal vein hypertension cause

A

esophageal varices in EGJ
caput medusae - periumbilical veins of the abdominal wall

164
Q

what are caput medusae

A

appearance of distended and engorged superficial epigastric veins, which are seen radiating from the umbilicus across the abdomen

165
Q

what is superior vena cava syndrome

A

advanced, T4 lesion that compresses or invades superior vena cava
ex. bronchogenic carcinoma or mediastinal lymphoma
causes dilation of veins in head, neck, and arms (cyanosis)
compresses pulmonary vessels leading to respiratory distress

166
Q

what is inferior vena cava syndrome and which two tumors most commonly cause it

A

neoplasm that compresses or invades the inferior vena cava or by a thrombus from the hepatic, renal, or lower extremities
ex. hepatocellular carcinoma or renal cell carcinoma
leads to lower extremity edema, dissension of superficial veins of lower abdomen
proteinuria if renal vein is involved

167
Q

what is vascular ectasia

A

local dilation of a vascular structure
ex. nevus flammeus

168
Q

what is a nevus flammeus

A

type of vascular ectasia (local dilation of vascular structure)
birthmark (fades overtime) or
port wine stain (gets bigger and doesn’t fade)

169
Q

what is telangiectasia

A

permanent dilation of preexisting small vessels that form a discrete red lesion
acquired: spider telangiectasia

170
Q

what is a hemangioma

A

benign, blood filled vessel
two types: capillary or juvenile

171
Q

what is a glomus tumor

A

nest of round cuboidal gloms cells around capillaries
seen in finger nail
solid type: benign but locally invasive

172
Q

what is kaposi sarcoma

A

intermediate grade tumor caused by herpes virus 8
forms in tiny vessels below the skin and mouth, nose, ears, and anus
spreads to lungs, liver, stomach, intestine, and lymph nodes
those with HIV (AIDS) at higher risk

173
Q

what is an angiosarcoma

A

malignant, endothelial neoplasm of the vessels
ranges from highly differentiated to widely anapestic lesions
5 year survival only 30%

174
Q

what causes hepatic angiosarcomas

A

arsenic, thorotrast, and polyvinyl chloride

175
Q

what vein is most commonly used for a coronary artery bypass

A

saphenous veins

176
Q

what is the patency for left internal mammary artery grafts

A

90% at 10 years

Basic Human Pathology (18 decks)

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