Ch 8: Infectious Disease Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
what are the 7 classes of infectious agents
A
viruses
bacterial
prions
fungi
parasites
helminths
ectoparasites
2
Q
what is virulence
A
harmfulness of an agent
3
Q
what three factors affect virulence (harmfulness)
A
ability to adhere to host cells
ability to invade cells and tissues
ability to deliver toxins
4
Q
what is an opportunistic infection
A
microbial disease occurring in an immunosuppressed individual
5
Q
what is a nonsocomial infection
A
hospital acquired microbial disease
6
Q
what is bacteremia
A
bacteria in the blood
7
Q
what is septicemia
A
bloodstream invasion and spreading of pathogens - blood infection
8
Q
what is a gram stain
A
stain that differentiates between gram positive and gram negative bacteria
gram negative stain red
gram positive stain blue
ex. modified brown and brenn stain
9
Q
what type of stain is the modified brown and brenn stain
A
gram stain
10
Q
what is a acid-fast (AFB) stain
A
tests for mycobacteria spp and nocardia spp
ex. ziehl-neelsen stain
(stains very blue)
11
Q
what type of stain is the Ziehl-neelsen stain
A
acid-fast bacillus stain
12
Q
what is the silver stain
A
tests for fungi
ex. Grocott-gomoris methenamine silver stain (GMS)
(stains teal)
13
Q
what type of stain is Grocott-gomoris methenamine silver stain (GMS)
A
silver stain
14
Q
what is periodic acid-schiff (PAS) stain
A
tests for fungi and amebae
also tests for glycogen in tissues
tissue adjacent to fungi can be better visualized
(fungi nuclei stain blue and cytoplasm stain pink)
15
Q
which type of antibody in the Peyer’s patches of the GI tract prevents microbes from entering
A
IgA
16
Q
what is micturition
A
peeing
17
Q
women are ___ times more likely to get a UTI
A
10 times
18
Q
which vaginal bacteria help protect women from microbes
A
lactobacilli
19
Q
what is vertical transmission
A
pathogen spreads from mother to baby
placental-fetal
during birth
through breastmilk
20
Q
what are two ways microbes can spread throughout the body
A
peripheral nerves - bring microbes to CNS
bloodstream
21
Q
what is the most common/efficient way for microbes to travel through the body
A
bloodstream
22
Q
what are the three routes of person-to-person transmission of microbes
A
respiratory (coughing)
fecal-oral
sexual
23
Q
what is a way that pathogens bypass respiratory defense mechanisms
A
ciliary paralysis by toxins
24
Q
what are the 5 major histologic patterns of tissue reactions in infections
A
suppurative (purulent) inflammation
mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation
cytopathic-cytoproliferative reaction
tissue necrosis
chronic inflammation and scarring
25
what is suppurative (purulent) inflammation
pyogenic bacteria enter body, leading to increased vascular permeability
neutrophils go to site and attack bacteria
dying/dead neutrophils leads to liquefactive necrosis and pus
26
what is pyogenic
puss-forming
27
what is mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation
specific mononuclear cells
aggregates or accumulated macrophages become giant cells
28
what type of mononuclear cells are seen in syphilis
plasma cells
29
what type of mononuclear cells are seen in HBV infections
lymphocytes
30
what type of mononuclear cells are seen in mycobacterium avium/AIDS
macrophages
31
what is a cytopathic-cytoproliferative reaction
caused by viruses
causes little inflammation, necrosis, or cell proliferation
viral aggregates and inclusion bodies
polykaryon (multinuclear cell) aggregates
32
what is a CMV inclusion body
hepatocyte with a large intranuclear inclusion body, surrounded by a clear halo; cytoplasm may also contain dark inclusions
appears as an owl eye
only seen in cytomegalovirus
33
what is tissue necrosis
toxins secretes by organisms can lead to gangrenous necrosis
ulcers and abscesses from parasites can lead to liquefactive necrosis
34
what is chronic inflammation and scarring
things like hepatitis B leads to dense fibrosis of liver
macro nodular cirrhosis
35
what is Masson's Trichrome
three color staining procedure to test for macronodular cirrhosis that has fibrotic bands, loss of architecture, and nodule formation (all characteristics of chronic inflammation)
36
what are the three different states of viral infections
acute, latent, or transforming
37
what is influenza
acute/transient virus
presents with: hyperemia, mucosal hemorrhages, and edema of larynx, trachea, and main bronchi
in lung causes: diffuse congestion, pleural hemorrhages, and hemorrhagic consolidation
38
what are some microscopic presentations of influenza
edema of alveolar air spaces, hyaline membranes, lymphocytes
39
the flu of 1918 caused how many dead wordwide
50 million
40
what is measles
acute/transient viral infection
virus of paramyxoviridae family that is transmitted through respiratory secretions where it eventually spreads to lymphatic tissues
affects multiple organs
41
koplik spots are pathognomonic for which viral infection
measles
42
what is mumps
acute/transient viral infection
virus of the paramyxoviridae family
affects salivary glands usually bilaterally
inhaled through the respiratory system where it eventually spreads to the lymphatic system
43
mumps orchitis, seen in 20-30% post pubescent males, it a condition seen in which viral infection
mumps
44
what is SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19)
acute/transient virus transmitted through respiratory droplets
affects mainly the lungs but sometimes the heart (eosinophilic myocarditis)
45
what type of virus is the herpes virus (acute, latent, or transient)
latent virus
46
what is latent
persistence of viral genomes in cells that do not produce infectious virus
47
what are the three types of herpes virus
herpes simplex 1+2, cytomegalovirus, and varicella zoster virus
48
what is herpes simplex virus (HSV)
latent virus that replicates in the skin and mucous membranes (mouth and genitals)
travels to neuronal cell bodies where they establish latent infection
49
which virus is the major infectious cause of corneal blindness in the US
HSV-1
50
what is cytomegalovirus (CMV)
latent virus that can produce a variety of disease manifestations
different routes of transmission
causes immunosupression of: lungs and GI tracts
has owl eye inclusion bodies
51
what are the 5 routes of transmission of cytomegalovirus
transplacental
neonatal
saliva
genital
iatrogenic
52
what are the effects of neonatal transmission of cytomegalovirus
effects on hearing and intelligence
53
what is varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
chickenpox and possibly shingles down the road
most frequent in dermatomes innervated by the trigeminal ganglia
54
what are characteristics of chickenpox lesions
intraepithelial vesicles with intranuclear inclusions in epithelial cells at the base of the vesicles
55
what is the epistein-barr virus (EBV)
transforming viral infection
virus causes infectious mononucleosis
56
what is infectious mononucleosis
benign lymphoproliferative disorder
infects B-cells causing a latent infection
presents with: fever, sore throat, splenomegaly, etc.
can cause lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas
"kissing disease"
57
what is staphylococcal aureus
bacteria that causes skin lesions (boils and carbuncles), abscesses, toxic shock syndrome, sepsis, etc
58
what is methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA)
antibiotic resistant strain of staphylococcal aureus
59
what is a furuncle
boil
focal pus inflammation of skin and subcutaneous tissue
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections
60
what is hidradentitis
chronic pus inflammation of apocrine glands, usually in the armpit
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections
61
what is a carbuncle
cluster of furuncles
deeper pus infection that spreads beneath the deep subcutaneous fascia and then erupts in multiple adjacent skin sinuses
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections
62
what is pseudomonas aeruginosa
aerobic gram negative bacillus
can be deadly in people with cystic fibrosis, severe burns, or neutropenia
usually acquired in a hospital
causes corneal keratitis in lens wearers, endocarditis in drug abusers, swimmers ear in healthy individuals, and otitis in people with diabetes
63
what is mycobacterium tuberculosis
bacteria that causes chronic pulmonary and systemic disease
can be active or latent
64
which bacteria has the most deaths worldwide
TB
65
what is a Ghon complex
combination of parenchymal lung lesion and nodal involvement seen in TB cases
66
what is miliary tuberculosis
bacteria move through systemic arterial system
often seen as gray-white tubercles in liver and spleen
67
what is mycobacterium avium complex
bacteria that are through to be inhaled or ingested
can cause disease in immunocompromised patients
lots of acid-fast bacilli in macrophages
confirmed by AFB stain
68
what is the hallmark of mycobacterium avium complex
lots of acid-fast bacilli within macrophages
69
what is syphilis
spirochete, gram-negative bacteria with flagella
transmitted sexually
70
what is aortic syphilis
80% tertiary disease (long term, untreated syphilis)
dilation of aortic arch and root with aneurysms
tree-bark appearance of aortic intima
71
tree-bark appearance of aortic intima is seen in which bacterial disease
aortic syphilis
72
what is neurosyphilis
tertiary syphilis, often asymptomatic (long term, untreated syphilis)
inflammation of leptomeninges and CSF abnormalities
hemosiderin deposition
73
in which bacterial disease do we see hemosiderin deposition
neurosyphilis
74
what is borrelia burgdorferi
bacteria that causes Lyme disease
causes arthritis and erythema
75
what is clostridium tetani
bacteria that causes tetanus
causes muscular spasms and hypertonia (decreased muscle tone)
prevented with DTP vaccine
76
what is clostridium perfringens
bacteria that causes cellulitis and myonecrosis (gas gangrene) of surgical wounds
seen in the gas filled gallbladder
77
what is the most common bacterial STI in the world
chlamydia trachomatis
78
what is chlamydia trachomatis
bacterial STI
causes inflammation of things like epididymis, prostate, pharynx, eyes, etc
79
what is an important cause of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancies
chlamydia trachomatis
80
what is neisseria gonorrhoeae
bacterial STI
if left untreated, can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy
can cause conjunctivitis in fetuses
81
what are some hallmarks of congenital syphilis
enlarged hypercellular villi, proliferative villous vasculature, and villitis
also, necrotising funisitis
82
baberpole appearance is seen commonly in which bacterial infection
congenital syphilis
83
what are actinomyces
bacteria that often causes sulfur granules in tonsils
84
what are sulfur granules
aggregates of microorganisms (actinomyces) mixed with inflammatory debris
aka tonsil stones
85
what are four major types of fungal infections (mycoses)
superficial
cutaneous
endemic
opportunistic
86
what are superficial mycoses
fungal infections of superficial layer of skin, hair, and nails
87
what are subcutaneous mycoses
fungal infections of the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and lymphatics
88
what are endemic mycoses
dimorphic fungal infections that cause systemic illness in healthy people
89
what are mycoses
another word for fungal infections
90
what is candidiasis albicans
fungal pathogen that is caused by normal microbiota breeching the skin or mucosal barriers
leads to thrush, vaginitis, esophagitis, etc.w
91
what is the most prevalent fungal pathogen of humans
candidiasis albicans
92
what is aspergillus
fungus (mold) that causes allergies in other serious symptoms in immunocompromised people
can leads to aspergillomas
93
what are aspergillomas
organized fungus balls seen in those with aspergillus
94
what are fungus balls
proliferating masses of hyphae (branching filament) of aspergillus within pulmonary abscess cavities
95
what is toxoplasmosis gondii
parasitic infection that causes significant disease in immunocompromised and pregnant women
caused by eating undercooked meat, drinking contaminated drinking water, or by cleaning a cats litter box
form cysts in muscles and organs
96
what is schistosomiasis
parasitic infection that involves liver and GI
shows up as tiny, white granulomas with schistosome egg
97
what is pipe stem fibrosis
granulomas and fibrous tracts of liver caused by schistosomiasis (parasite infection)
98
what is "end-stage" schistosomal bladder
fibrosis and calcifications of bladder wall due to extreme, untreated schistosomiasis
99
what are prions
abnormal pathogenic agents that induce abnormal folding of prion proteins found mostly in the brain
100
what are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)
rare form of progressive neuordegenerative disorders caused by prions
101
what is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
most common prion disease worldwide
102
what is the most common prion disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
103
what are helminths
parasitic worms
104
what is enterobius vermicularis
a type of helminths, better known as pinworms
105
what is the most common helminth infections in the world
enterobius vermicularis
106
what are three types of ectoparasites
ticks, scabies, and lice
107
harmfulness of an agent
what is virulence
108
microbial disease occurring in an immunosuppressed individual
what is an opportunistic infection
109
hospital acquired microbial disease
what is a nonsocomial infection
110
bloodstream invasion and spreading of pathogens - blood infection
what is septicemia
111
stain that differentiates between gram positive and gram negative bacteria
gram negative stain red
gram positive stain blue
ex. modified brown and brenn stain
what is a gram stain
112
tests for mycobacteria spp and nocardia spp
ex. ziehl-neelsen stain
(stains very blue)
what is a acid-fast (AFB) stain
113
tests for fungi
ex. Grocott-gomoris methenamine silver stain (GMS)
(stains teal)
what is the silver stain
114
tests for fungi and amebae
also tests for glycogen in tissues
tissue adjacent to fungi can be better visualized
(fungi nuclei stain blue and cytoplasm stain pink)
what is periodic acid-schiff (PAS) stain
115
pathogen spreads from mother to baby
placental-fetal
during birth
through breastmilk
what is vertical transmission
116
pyogenic bacteria enter body, leading to increased vascular permeability
neutrophils go to site and attack bacteria
dying/dead neutrophils leads to liquefactive necrosis and pus
what is suppurative (purulent) inflammation
117
hepatocyte with a large intranuclear inclusion body, surrounded by a clear halo; cytoplasm may also contain dark inclusions
appears as an owl eye
only seen in cytomegalovirus
what is a CMV inclusion body
118
three color staining procedure to test for macronodular cirrhosis that has fibrotic bands, loss of architecture, and nodule formation (all characteristics of chronic inflammation)
what is Masson's Trichrome
119
acute/transient virus
presents with: hyperemia, mucosal hemorrhages, and edema of larynx, trachea, and main bronchi
in lung causes: diffuse congestion, pleural hemorrhages, and hemorrhagic consolidation
what is influenza
120
edema of alveolar air spaces, hyaline membranes, lymphocytes
what are some microscopic presentations of influenza
121
acute/transient viral infection
virus of paramyxoviridae family that is transmitted through respiratory secretions where it eventually spreads to lymphatic tissues
affects multiple organs
what is measles
122
acute/transient viral infection
virus of the paramyxoviridae family
affects salivary glands usually bilaterally
inhaled through the respiratory system where it eventually spreads to the lymphatic system
what is mumps
123
acute/transient virus transmitted through respiratory droplets
affects mainly the lungs but sometimes the heart (eosinophilic myocarditis)
what is SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19)
124
persistence of viral genomes in cells that do not produce infectious virus
what is latent
125
latent virus that replicates in the skin and mucous membranes (mouth and genitals)
travels to neuronal cell bodies where they establish latent infection
what is herpes simplex virus (HSV)
126
latent virus that can produce a variety of disease manifestations
different routes of transmission
causes immunosupression of: lungs and GI tracts
has owl eye inclusion bodies
what is cytomegalovirus (CMV)
127
chickenpox and possibly shingles down the road
most frequent in dermatomes innervated by the trigeminal ganglia
what is varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
128
intraepithelial vesicles with intranuclear inclusions in epithelial cells at the base of the vesicles
what are characteristics of chickenpox lesions
129
transforming viral infection
virus causes infectious mononucleosis
what is the epistein-barr virus (EBV)
130
benign lymphoproliferative disorder
infects B-cells causing a latent infection
presents with: fever, sore throat, splenomegaly, etc.
can cause lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas
"kissing disease"
what is infectious mononucleosis
131
bacteria that causes skin lesions (boils and carbuncles), abscesses, toxic shock syndrome, sepsis, etc
what is staphylococcal aureus
132
antibiotic resistant strain of staphylococcal aureus
what is methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA)
133
boil
focal pus inflammation of skin and subcutaneous tissue
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections
what is a furuncle
134
chronic pus inflammation of apocrine glands, usually in the armpit
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections
what is hidradentitis
135
cluster of furuncles
deeper pus infection that spreads beneath the deep subcutaneous fascia and then erupts in multiple adjacent skin sinuses
seen in staphylococcal aureus infections
what is a carbuncle
136
aerobic gram negative bacillus
can be deadly in people with cystic fibrosis, severe burns, or neutropenia
usually acquired in a hospital
causes corneal keratitis in lens wearers, endocarditis in drug abusers, swimmers ear in healthy individuals, and otitis in people with diabetes
what is pseudomonas aeruginosa
137
bacteria that causes chronic pulmonary and systemic disease
can be active or latent
what is mycobacterium tuberculosis
138
combination of parenchymal lung lesion and nodal involvement seen in TB cases
what is a Ghon complex
139
bacteria move through systemic arterial system
often seen as gray-white tubercles in liver and spleen
what is miliary tuberculosis
140
bacteria that are thought to be inhaled or ingested
can cause disease in immunocompromised patients
lots of acid-fast bacilli in macrophages
confirmed by AFB stain
what is mycobacterium avium complex
141
lots of acid-fast bacilli within macrophages
what is the hallmark of mycobacterium avium complex
142
spirochete, gram-negative bacteria with flagella
transmitted sexually
what is syphilis
143
80% tertiary disease (long term, untreated syphilis)
dilation of aortic arch and root with aneurysms
tree-bark appearance of aortic intima
what is aortic syphilis
144
tertiary syphilis, often asymptomatic (long term, untreated syphilis)
inflammation of leptomeninges and CSF abnormalities
hemosiderin deposition
what is neurosyphilis
145
bacteria that causes Lyme disease
causes arthritis and erythema
what is borrelia burgdorferi
146
bacteria that causes tetanus
causes muscular spasms and hypertonia (decreased muscle tone)
prevented with DTP vaccine
what is clostridium tetani
147
bacteria that causes cellulitis and myonecrosis (gas gangrene) of surgical wounds
seen in the gas filled gallbladder
what is clostridium perfringens
148
bacterial STI
causes inflammation of things like epididymis, prostate, pharynx, eyes, etc
what is chlamydia trachomatis
149
bacterial STI
if left untreated, can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy
can cause conjunctivitis in fetuses
what is neisseria gonorrhoeae
150
enlarged hypercellular villi, proliferative villous vasculature, and villitis
also, necrotising funisitis
what are some hallmarks of congenital syphilis
151
bacteria that often causes sulfur granules in tonsils
what are actinomyces
152
aggregates of microorganisms (actinomyces) mixed with inflammatory debris
aka tonsil stones
what are sulfur granules
153
fungal infections of superficial layer of skin, hair, and nails
what are superficial mycoses
154
fungal infections of the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and lymphatics
what are subcutaneous mycoses
155
dimorphic fungal infections that cause systemic illness in healthy people
what are endemic mycoses
156
another word for fungal infections
what are mycoses
157
fungal pathogen that is caused by normal microbiota breeching the skin or mucosal barriers
leads to thrush, vaginitis, esophagitis, etc.w
what is candidiasis albicans
158
fungus (mold) that causes allergies in other serious symptoms in immunocompromised people
can leads to aspergillomas
what is aspergillus
159
organized fungus balls seen in those with aspergillus
what are aspergillomas
160
proliferating masses of hyphae (branching filament) of aspergillus within pulmonary abscess cavities
what are fungus balls
161
parasitic infection that causes significant disease in immunocompromised and pregnant women
caused by eating undercooked meat, drinking contaminated drinking water, or by cleaning a cats litter box
form cysts in muscles and organs
what is toxoplasmosis gondii
162
parasitic infection that involves liver and GI
shows up as tiny, white granulomas with schistosome egg
what is schistosomiasis
163
granulomas and fibrous tracts of liver caused by schistosomiasis (parasite infection)
what is pipe stem fibrosis
164
fibrosis and calcifications of bladder wall due to extreme, untreated schistosomiasis
what is "end-stage" schistosomal bladder
165
abnormal pathogenic agents that induce abnormal folding of prion proteins found mostly in the brain
what are prions
166
rare form of progressive neuordegenerative disorders caused by prions
what are transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)
167
most common prion disease worldwide
what is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
168
a type of helminths, better known as pinworms
what is enterobius vermicularis
169
ticks, scabies, and lice
what are ectoparasites
