Ch 16: Head and Neck

Question 1

what are the four components of Waldeyer’s ring

Answer 1

adenoids
lingual tonsil
palatine tonsil
tubal tonsil

Question 2

what is the word for “lacking teeth”

Answer 2

endentulous

Question 3

what are aphthous ulcers

Answer 3

canker sores
most frequent before you’re 20
mucosal ulcerations

Question 4

what is a fibroma of the tongue

Answer 4

benign mass of submucosal nodular fibrous tissue
formed because of chronic irritation
occur most often on the lateral portion of the tongue
removal is treatment

Question 5

what is a pyogenic granuloma

Answer 5

benign, vascular ulcerated lesion usually found on the gingiva

Question 6

what is peripheral ossifying fibroma

Answer 6

benign mass of submucosal nodular fibrous tissue
formed because of chronic irritation
seen on top of the teeth
has mineralized tissue

Question 7

what is a peripheral giant cell granuloma

Answer 7

benign mass of submucosal nodular fibrous tissue
formed at site of chronic irritation
more blue/purple than a pyogenic granuloma - no ulceration

Question 8

what is the microscopic feature of a peripheral giant cell granuloma

Answer 8

aggregate of multinucleared foreign body-like giant cells

Question 9

what are herpes vesicles

Answer 9

can be small or large
filled with clear serous fluid that can rupture

Question 10

what are the microscopic features of herpes simplex

Answer 10

intranuclear viral inclusions
multinucleate polykaryons (giant/Tzanck cells)

Question 11

what stain is used to identify Tzanck cells in herpes simplex

Answer 11

giemsa stain

Question 12

what is the tzanck test

Answer 12

scrapings of vesicles are taken to test for the Tzanck cells found in herpes simplex

Question 13

what is oral candidiasis

Answer 13

aka thrush
fungal infection of the mucosa
can be scraped off

Question 14

what is the most common fungal infection of the oral cavity

Answer 14

candidasis

Question 15

what is hairy leukoplakia

Answer 15

oral lesion on lateral boarder of tongue
caused by EBV
cannot be scraped off

Question 16

what are the histologic features of hairy leukoplakia

Answer 16

hyperkeratosis (thickening of keratin) and ancanthosis (thickening of squamous cells) with balloon cells

Question 17

koplik spots are seen in what condition

Answer 17

measles

Question 18

strawberry tongue is seen in what condition

Answer 18

scarlet fever

Question 19

what is leukoplakia

Answer 19

white patch in the mouth that cannot be scraped off
considered precancerous
more common in mid-old men and in those who smoke

Question 20

what is erythroplakia

Answer 20

similar to leukoplakia but the patch is red
considered precancerous

Question 21

95% of cancers of the oral cavity are what type of cancer

Answer 21

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 22

where is non-HPV associated keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma often located in the mouth

Answer 22

floor of mouth
ventral surface of tongue

Question 23

where is HPV associated non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma often located in the mouth

Answer 23

linguar tonsils
base of tongue

Question 24

SCC associated with HPV most often affects who

Answer 24

younger patients

Question 25

SCC not associated with HPV most often affects who

Answer 25

older patients

Question 26

what are the two microscopic hallmarks of SCC

Answer 26

keratin pearls and intercellular bridges

Question 27

which stain is used to differentiate HPV related lesions

Answer 27

p16

Question 28

what are the three frequent sites of **distant** metastasis of SCC in the oral cavity

Answer 28

mediastinal lymph nodes lungs liver

Question 29

what is a dentigerous cyst

Answer 29

benign fluid filled cyst around the crown of a tooth

Question 30

what is a radicular cyst

Answer 30

inflammatory lesion found at apex of tooth due to cavities or trauma

Question 31

what is an odontoma

Answer 31

technically a benign hamartoma of the tooth made of enamel and dentin

Question 32

what is the most common odontogenic tumor

Answer 32

odontoma

Question 33

what is an ameloblastoma

Answer 33

benign tumor arising from odontogenic epithelium cut surface demonstrates macrocystic spaces

Question 34

what type of epithelium is the nasal cavity

Answer 34

pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

Question 35

what is rhinitis

Answer 35

inflammation of the nose due to an infection or allergy

Question 36

what is sinusitus

Answer 36

long standing infections that can spread through the orbit bone

Question 37

what is the most frequent pathogen to cause pharyngitis and tonsillitis

Answer 37

B-hemolytic streptococci

Question 38

what are actinomyces (sulfur granules)

Answer 38

bacteria found in the crypts of the palatine tonsils

Question 39

what is a tonsillolith

Answer 39

firm aggregate of food, necrotic cell debris, and other substances trapped within the crypts of a tonsil

Question 40

what are the three types of benign sinonasal papillomas

Answer 40

exophytic endophytic oncocytic

Question 41

what is the most common type of benign sinonasal papilloma

Answer 41

exophytic

Question 42

what causes exophytic benign sinonasal papillomas

Answer 42

strains 6 and 11 of HPV EGFR mutations

Question 43

what is a nasopharyngeal angiofibroma

Answer 43

benign, vascular tumor that mostly affects faired skinned males

Question 44

what is an olfactory neuroblastoma

Answer 44

tumor arising from the olfactory cells in the upper nasal mucosa

Question 45

what is the other name for an olfactory neuroblastoma

Answer 45

esthesioneuroblastoma

Question 46

what are the three types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 46

keratinizing SCC non-keratinizing SCC basaloid SCC

Question 47

what three things characterize nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 47

distinct geographic location close anatomic relationship to lymphoid tissue associated with EBV infection

Question 48

what is a common sign of lymphoma affecting the tonsils

Answer 48

unilateral tonsillar hypertrophy (asymmetric hypertrophy)

Question 49

what does the supraglottis include

Answer 49

epiglottis aryepiglotic folds arytenoid cartilage false vocal cords

Question 50

what separates the true and false vocal cords

Answer 50

ventricle

Question 51

who is most at risk for reactive nodules of the larynx

Answer 51

heavy smokers singers

Question 52

what is a cholesteotoma

Answer 52

non-neoplastic lesions associated with chronic otitis media

Question 53

what is otoslerosis

Answer 53

abnormal bone deposition in the middle ear

Question 54

what is a branchial cleft cyst

Answer 54

creamy, fluid filled cyst arising from remnants of second branchial arch occurs around 20-40 yrs of age

Question 55

what's another name for a branchial cleft cyst

Answer 55

cervical lymphoepithelial cyst

Question 56

what is a thyroglossal duct cyst

Answer 56

cyst formed from remnants of the thyroglossal duct

Question 57

what is a paraganglioma (carotid body tumor)

Answer 57

tumor of neuroendocrine cells surrounds great vessels

Question 58

what is the most common type of paraganglioma

Answer 58

adrenal medullary pheochromocytoma

Question 59

what is the microscopic feature of a paraganglioma (carotid body tumor)

Answer 59

zellballen chief cells "cell balls"

Question 60

what is xerostomia

Answer 60

dry mouth resulting from decrease in production of saliva

Question 61

what are two common causes of xerostomia (dry mouth)

Answer 61

sjogren syndrome radiation

Question 62

what is sialadenitis

Answer 62

inflammation of the salivary glands

Question 63

what is a mucocele

Answer 63

benign cystic growth on the lower lip due to blockage or rupture of salivary gland duct

Question 64

what is a sialolith

Answer 64

salivary gland stone

Question 65

which salivary gland is most commonly affected, specifically by benign neoplasms

Answer 65

parotid

Question 66

which salivary gland is least commonly affected, specifically by malignant neoplasms

Answer 66

sublingual glands

Question 67

what is a pleomorphic adenoma

Answer 67

benign tumors of the salivary glands mostly affects the parotid glands

Question 68

what is the most common salivary gland neoplasm

Answer 68

pleomorphic adenoma

Question 69

what is a warthin tumor

Answer 69

benign, cystic, folliculated tumor of the salivary gland

Question 70

what is another name for a warthin tumor

Answer 70

papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum

Question 71

what is an oncocytoma

Answer 71

benign tumor of salivary glands has a very eosinophilic cytoplasm cut surface appears the color of mahogany

Question 72

which neoplasm has a mahogany cut surface

Answer 72

oncocytoma

Question 73

what is mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Answer 73

malignant salivary gland tumors of mixed cell types mostly occur in the parotid gland

Question 74

what is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands

Answer 74

mucoepidermoid carcinoma